Use of Landscape as form of Expression in Tintern Abbey by William Word

Wordsworth is a part and banished, yet extraordinary and visionary writer who makes network by embeddings the romanticized Romantic artist into the ideological base interpellating those on him into comparative subject positions. In any case, in what capacity can Wordsworth, an isolated individual, uncover his uplifted attention to the remainder of humankind? He answers in his Introduction to Lyrical Ballads when he declares that artists such as himself can convey their substitute mindfulness [u]ndoubtably with our ethical feelings and creature sensations, and with the causes which energize these; with the tasks of the components and the appearances of the noticeable universe [. . .] (Norton 173). Writers can communicate their substitute recognition through a common encounter of the scene. Scenes are an impression of the belief system at the middle. Simon Schama contends in Landscapes and Memory, Scenes are culture before they are nature; builds of the creative mind anticipated onto wood, and water and rock (61). This present reality exists but since we can never unproblematically draw in with the real world, we make it over, re-present it as scene. Along these lines, scene is ideological, is a social develop hung over the real world. As Wordsworth writes in Tintern, the impression of the eye and ear are both what they half-make and what see (107-108). As per Wordsworth, nature has become the grapple (110) of his contemplations, the tie that controls his inventive creative mind. But since scene depends on the genuine, it can likewise be utilized to communicate a substitute philosophy. Wordsworth's way to deal with scene is chiliastic, to utilize Karl Mannheim's term. In Ideology and Utopia, Mannheim contends that in spite of the fact that Chiliasm has consistently went with progressive ... ..., a book of verse by Black, lesbian, Trinidadian-Canadian artist Dionne Brand. Peruse related to Wordsworth's fourteenth book of the Prelude, we can see the undeniable equals among scene and subject development. Be that as it may, as opposed to taking off from a slope, Brand's lovely self takes off from a sea shore, from ground level, representing her non-general yet public production of scene. She composes: I have become myself. A lady who takes a gander at a lady and says, here, I have discovered you, in this, I am darkening in my direction. You tore the world crude. Maybe another life detonated in my face, lighting up, so effectively the forehead of a wing contacting the surf, so effectively I saw my own body, that is, my eyes tailed me to myself, contacted myself as a spot, another life, land. They state this spot doesn't exist, at that point, my tongue is mythic. I was here previously.

Research Design Business Research Methods

Question: Examine about the Research Design for Business Research Methods. Answer: Presentation Rec center has become a significant part for the wellness of the individuals. The vast majority of the individuals as a rule go to exercise center to remain fit. They have various extents of stature and weight and their Body Mass Index change from one another (Yu et al., 2014). The clients go to the rec center for different reason like putting on quality or getting thinner. Information had been gathered on looking over the clients of the exercise center. In this task, these gathered information would be broke down utilizing measurable strategies. Investigation and understanding of this gathered information would give a thought regarding the picked rec center. Diagrams and graphs would be given in this task so as to help the examination of the information. Survey of scholastic sources According to the overview on 996 grown-ups for the information of exercise center, it was seen that 452 examples had reacted to the review. According to the perspective of Yu et al. (2014), it was seen the examples who have lesser measure of moderate force have higher estimation of BMI and higher estimation of by and large more regrettable wellbeing. In this manner, it was seen that a relationship exists between the force of physical movement and the BMI of the example. On investing sufficient measure of energy in exercise center, higher power of physical movement is performed which improves the wellbeing state of the respondents. Along these lines, 20 percent of the change of BMI is clarified by the force of the physical movement performed by the respondent. Straightforward bivariate examination Two numerical factors, tallness and weight are chosen with the end goal of the examination. Dissipate plot is drawn for these two factors so as to discover the connection between them. The disperse plot of the two numerical factors is given underneath: The dissipate plot shows that the heading of information for stature and weight is an expanding pattern. It tends to be deciphered that with the expansion in tallness, there is an increment in the heaviness of the example. The mean of the numerical variable stature was seen as 170.55 units while the mean of the weight was seen as 76.36 units. The standard deviation of the numerical variable stature was seen as 12.81 units while the standard deviation of the numerical variable weight was seen as 15.22 units (Kock, 2013). It is seen that both the numerical factors stature and weight are modestly circulated over the informational index. It is seen that with the expansion in the stature, there is an expansion in the heaviness of the individual. On considering the record of proposed change information, it was seen that 758 clients had upheld the proposed change while 242 clients don't bolster the proposed change. Administrative counsel From the given information, it was discovered that BMI and Minutes spend on cardio are two significant factors as measure of time spent of activities of cardio impacts the BMI of the individual. It is seen that the normal estimation of BMI lies in the scope of 18.5 to 25 kg/m2. At the point when any individuals have BMI over 25 kg/m2, it is named as overweight. It is prompted that the individuals having their BMI over 25 kg/m2, should invest more energy in the cardio machines with the goal that they can diminish their BMI and have a fit physic. Investigation of the information in setting of proposed change On examining the information, it was seen that the 95% certainty interim of the clients who have their BMI over 25 kg/m2 was seen as (0.54592, 0.73408), where 0.54592 is the lower furthest reaches of the interim and 0.73408 is the maximum furthest reaches of the interim (Vogt Barta, 2013). One example t-test was performed to test the case that in excess of 50 percent of the clients bolster the adjustment in the given proposition. The z estimation of this one example t-test for extent was seen as 2.916667 and the p estimation of the test was seen as 0.001769. This p estimation of the test was seen as under 0.05 (Candela et al., 2014). The speculation of the test can be composed as: H0: p = p0 and H1: p p0. At 5 percent level of importance, the p estimation of the test was seen as noteworthy and this prompts the dismissal of invalid speculation. Along these lines, it tends to be deciphered that in excess of 50 percent of the clients bolster the proposed change in their rec center It tends to be presumed that the normal estimation of tallness and weight was seen as 170.55 units and 76.36 units separately. The standard deviation of the two numerical factors stature and weight was seen as 12.81 untis and 15.22 units. The proposed change in the exercise center was encouraged to isolate the clients who have their BMI over 25 kg/m2. This proposed change was seen as upheld by in excess of 50 percent of the clients. The 95% certainty interim of the clients who have their BMI over 25 kg/m2 was seen as (0.54592, 0.73408). Maltreatment of insights The issues with poll are that the examples were chosen from America and Germany. Tests from different nations were not considered for this situation and hence, it would not give the general perspectives on the clients in setting of exercise center. Different proportions of measurements like connection and relapse could have been utilized to discover the connection between the factors. Constraints of quantitative research There are different constraints of quantitative examines. It is seen that quantitative research is tedious and costly and it is troublesome (Creswell, 2013). On posing close finished inquiries, the respondents here and there can't comprehend the goal of the inquiries and they don't give right alternative which prompts the biasness in the information. Organized close finished inquiries prompts constrained results in a summed up structure (Field, 2015). Another restriction includes utilization of broad measurable examination on investigating the quantitative information. References Candela, A., Brigand, G., Aronica, G. T. (2014). Estimation of flood structure hydrographs utilizing bivariate examination (copula) and conveyed hydrological modelling.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2, 27-79. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research structure: Qualitative, quantitative, and blended techniques draws near. Sage distributions. Field, T. (2015). The advantages and confinements of quantitative information assortment to the writing audit information assortment. Kock, N. (2013). Utilizing WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: Descriptive Statistics, Settings.Interdisciplinary Applications of Electronic Collaboration Approaches and Technologies,62. Vogt, A., Barta, J. (2013).The creation of tests for file numbers: Mathematical techniques for elucidating measurements. Springer Science Business Media. Yu, H. S., Zhang, J. J., Kim, D. H., Chen, K. K., Henderson, C., Min, S. D., Huang, H. (2014). Administration quality, saw esteem, consumer loyalty, and conduct goal among wellness focus individuals matured 60 years and over.Social Behavior and Personality: a universal journal,42(5), 757-767.

Google Inside Search Event [FULL VIDEO]

Google Inside Search Event [FULL VIDEO] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Google Inside Search Event [FULL VIDEO]Updated On 07/10/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Featured Google VideoShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oz7xup CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThis is a footage from the Inside Search event, taped live from San Francisco on June14th, 2011. Amit Singhal and other search experts took the stage to provide viewers with an under the hood look at Google Search. This event is be hosted by Google Engineer Amit Singhal and other experts.Google unveiled several search improvements to both its Web-based and mobile search services.If you hate to watch online, then you can download this YouTube video for offline use. If you love to watch directly, then try this simple YouTube tip to load faster.READ5 Best Alternatives For Google Maps

Groundbreaking Piece in the New York Magazine of 1915...

In February 1915, the New York magazine, The Smart Set: A Magazine of Cleverness, featured a piece called, The Flapper. This was the first time a magazine had ever shown the rebellious young girl who wore short dresses and skirts in the 1920’s. The magazine described the flapper as â€Å"A charming creature!† (The Smart Set : A Magazine of Cleverness) and continued to boast the reputation of the flapper by portraying her as educated and mysterious. The magazine Vanity Fair soon followed in September of 1921, but this magazine demolished the reputation of the flapper girl. â€Å"Why aren’t they at home?† (Panzini The Flapper - a New Type: September 1921) the magazine and the majority of people asked. The article then described how the image of the flapper girl is distinguishing a mother from her daughter by the way they acted and dressed. The image of a flapper girl was not just in the United States, for Germany and France had the flapper girl as an icon. The term for flapper girl in Germany is, der Backfish, and in French it is l’Ingà ©nue. (The Smart Set : A Magazine of Cleverness) Before the flapper girl, there was the era of Victorian fashion, the role of women before World War One, and the role of women during World War One. Post World War One, the focus on the image of women in society skyrocketed through every day flapper girls and through publicized flapper girls such as famous actresses Clara Bow and Louise Brooks. In the 1920’s, opportunities expanded dramatically for women,

Do Statues of Riders or Knights Conceal Codes

There are statues all over the place, all over the world, but a set of myths have developed regarding some statues in Europe. In particular, statues of people on horseback and statues of medieval knights and monarchs are often spread about. The Myths On a statue of a horse and rider, the number of legs in the air reveals information about how the rider died: both legs in the air means they died during a battle, one leg in the air means they died later of wounds inflicted during a battle. If all four legs are on the ground, then they died in a manner unconnected to any battles they might have been in.On a statue or grave covering of a knight, the crossing of the legs (sometimes arms) indicates whether they took part in a crusade: if the crossing is present, they went on crusade. (And if everything is straight, they avoided all that.) The Truth Concerning European history, there is no tradition of indicating on a statue how the individual died, nor how many crusades they went on. You cannot safely infer those things from the stone itself and will have to refer to biographies of the deceased (assuming there are reliable biographies, and more than a few of those are untrustworthy). The Conclusion While Snopes.com claims that part one of this legend is somewhat true with regards to the statues of the Battle of Gettysburg (and even this might not be deliberate), there is no established tradition of doing this in Europe, although the myth is widespread there. The supposed logic behind part two is that the crossed legs are another symbol of the Christian cross, a prominent symbol of crusades; crusaders were often said to have taken the cross when they went on crusade. However, there are numerous statues of people known to have gone on crusade with uncrossed legs, and vice versa, just as there are riders on statues with raised legs who died of natural causes. This isn’t to say that there are no statues of either type which fit these myths, but these are just coincidences or one-offs. Of course, it would be handy if the myths were true, even if it would give people an excuse to bore you on a walk around by pointing it out all the time. The problem is, people (and books) try to do it anyway, and theyre almost always wrong. Its unclear where the horses legs myth came from, and it would be fascinating to know how that developed!

Technology Has A Growing Influence On Home Life, The...

Technology has been a growing influence in home life, the business world, and now education. Many schools use technology to enhance student learning. Administrators have bought technological devices and tools such as; digital cameras, SMART boards, laptops computers, projectors, and course software to support curriculum, all in the hopes of improving student achievement and motivation. However, the technology tools themselves should not be the focus. Technology cannot take place of the teacher; it is a tool that the educator uses to enhance the student’s understanding and should be used as supplemental and to complement the educator’s lessons. Bassett recognized that the technological age should not be about technology alone, rather it should be about what the teacher and the students are doing with the technology to further understanding and engagement with the lesson (2005, p. 77). Technology tools are becoming readily available for teachers and students. Today techn ology is more available then ever. Honey (2005) sites the National Center of Education Statistics, in saying that public schools have made consistent progress in expanding Internet access in classrooms. Having these technological tools and access available allow it easy for teachers to put into practice student-centered learning. Researchers, Neo and Kian study has proved that the use of technology had greatly effected the student’s learning process and widen the depth of learning skills and knowledge.Show MoreRelatedTechnology Has Changed The Way We Learn Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology has indeed changed the way we learn. I was observing some kids doing their school work and I noticed that all of them had computers, laptops, tablets, or another kind of technology device with them. It made me think back on my elementary, middle, and high school days. I remember growing up without as much technology available as today, so most of the papers were hand written, I ha d to spend days at the library looking for the right sources, reading newspaper, magazines and books to findRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford). There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruinedRead MoreThe Best Chance At Success1144 Words   |  5 PagesGrowing up, being of Hispanic origin, I knew that I was lucky to live in the United States. 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Essay for 2011 Summer Transportation Institute free essay sample

Gabriela Meza 24 July 2011 Essay for 2011 Summer Transportation Institute Some of the career objectives that I have set up for myself are very unstable and unclear right now because I still want to be able to experience a little bit more of life to see if something will change my mind. I am interested in Engineering but I am not that sure of which field would be the best to pursue or that would interest me the most. The two fields I find most interesting are Civil and Aerospace engineering. That is why I did the V. E. S. T. E. D Academy at Cal State L. A, yes it did interest me more in the field of engineering because most of the things we did was hands on labs but it still left me questioning what field would be the best. I am interested in the field of Transportation because it ties in with Civil Engineering because it acts as a sub division. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay for 2011 Summer Transportation Institute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It interested me because it is based or centered on the transport systems like civil engineering is based upon the design and structure of many buildings, bridges, roads, and canals. I felt since I am interested in Civil engineering it would be interesting to find out more about the field of Transportation just because it is focused on the operation, design, and the planning of transport facilities in order to make the movement of people easier. I am not that sure of this field of engineering but who knows I might end up liking it more than Civil and Aerospace that I might decide to pursue just Transportation or I might decide to do both Transportation and Civil Engineering. My interest in this Summer Transportation Institute is very immense just because we will be exploring many things that can help me out in the future. It will allow me to explore what it would be like to have a career in transportation and if it might be something I want to pursue in life, the SAT preparation courses for college would also be a benefit just because some of us do not prep the correct way or do not even prep at all for a big exam like the SAT , and the computer training and CAD is an advantage just because I am not that familiar with computers and it would be very interesting to get trained on how to work things in the computer and other stuff. The whole preparation for math, physics, writing, and study skills will benefit everyone just because it will expand our knowledge a little bit more on things we already know or it will introduce us to new subjects we are not that familiar with. Overall, SIT can assist me in reaching my goals by allowing me this great opportunity to learn more about the field of Transportation as well as other things we are not taught at school or home.

Alices Adventures in Wonderland A Child Lost in a World of Adults essays

Alices Adventures in Wonderland A Child Lost in a World of Adults essays Lewis Carrolls Wonderland is a queer little universe where a not so ordinary girl is faced with the contradicting nature of the fantastic creatures who live there. Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a childs struggle to survive in the condescending world of adults. The conflict between child and adult gives direction to Alices adventures and controls all the outstanding features of the work- Alices character, her relationship with other characters, and the dialogue. Alice in Wonderland is on one hand so nonsensical that children sometimes feel ashamed to have been interested in anything so silly (Masslich 107). The underlying message of Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a rejection of The character of Alice is not at all like what you would find in a typical childrens book. The character of Alice herself is a bit puzzling, even to the modern child, because it does not fit a stereotype. How much more unusual she must have seemed to Victorian children, used to girl angels fated for death (in Dickens, Stowe, and others), or to impossibly virtuous little ladies, or to naughty girls who eventually reform in response to heavy adult pressure... But Alice is neither naughty nor overly nice. Her curiosity leads her into her initial adventure and most of the latter ones in the book... (Leach 119). As Alice makes her way through Wonderland , she is faced with many pompous personalities that have their own ways of thinking and do not understand why Alice does not agree with their views. Alice takes into consideration what each character says. After becoming quite confused and disgruntled she learns that everyone in Wonderland is in fact mad. Once she has learned this she politely rejects all offers made by characters and tells them how things are in her mind. More often than not, she is chastised for her opinions, but soon ...

Sociolgical Essay Example

Sociolgical Essay Example Sociolgical Essay Sociolgical Essay Americans Disabilities Act (DAD): If you have a disability that qualifies under the Americans with Disabilities Act and you require special assistance or accommodations, you should contact the designated coordinator for your campus for Information on appropriate guidelines and procedures: Polarities Campus, Tania Moody at 601-403-1060 or [emailprotected] Du; Forrest County Center, Deborah Hewitt at 601-554-5503 or [emailprotected] Du; Hancock Center, Raymond Barnes at 228-252-7000 or [emailprotected] Du. Distance Learning Students who require special assistance. Accommodations, and/or need for alternate format should contact Tania Moody at [emailprotected] Du. Course Description: This Is an introductory course designed to give a general overview of the perspectives, concepts, and methodology of sociology. Students will be encouraged to think critically about social life. Three semester hours credit. Course Goals and Objectives: The course goals and objectives will be met if, upon com pletion, the student Is conversant with the following Important aspects of Sociology: the Sociological Perspective, Culture, Colonization, Social Structure and Social Interaction, Social Groups and Formal Organizations, Deviance and Social Control, Global Stratification, Social Class in the United States, Inequities of Race and Ethnicity, Inequalities of Gender and Age, Politics and the Economy, Marriage and Family Issues, Education and Religion, Population and arbitration, and the Impact of Technology on Social Change. Outcome Competencies: upon completion of the course, students will be able to: Communicate both the scientific rigor and personal relevance of Sociology. Clearly explain the Sociological concepts and how they are linked. Summarize the important issues in Sociology that impact their own worldview. Discuss controversial topics in I OFF set the stage for todays research. Personalize historical figures in Sociology with interesting details about their lives and contributions to the discipline. Relate what they have learned about Sociology to their personal lives and to their relationships with others. Required Text: Heinlein, James M. (2012). Essentials of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. 10th deed. Boston: Pearson. ISBN: 978+205-89847-3 Weekly Schedule: The school week for this course will run from Monday to Sunday. You are expected to maintain pace with the course schedule, which includes weekly readings, discussion board participation, assignments, and occasional quizzes. You are also expected to check Canvas weekly for announcements, potential changes to the course calendar, and occasional bonus point assignments. All assignments will be posted on Monday under the modules tab on the course website. These assignments are due Sunday evening at 1 1 pm. Attendance and Absences: This is not a self-paced, independent study course. This course has specific assignments that must be completed at the end of each week. Students that do not complete at least one assignment during the week will be marked absent. Absences will be tabulated the Monday morning at 8:maam following the week in which assignments are made available on Canvas. For example, most weeks you are assigned a discussion assignment and a quiz. If you dont complete any of these assignments, you will be marked absent. If you complete at least one assignment you will be marked present. However, in order to be successful in this class, it is recommended that you must complete all of your assignments. You will receive a warning notice after each absence. Once you have reached your third absence, you will be removed from this course and receive a W. Even though you may be marked absent from failing to submit assignments by Monday morning at am, you can still submit assignments the following week with a late penalty. Excused Absences: The only university excused absences are those that are a result of a school sponsored activity. Because you have a week to complete all assignments, it is expected that you try and work around these school functions. For example, a football game on a Thursday does not excuse you from completing assignments for that week since you have six other days to complete them. In some rare circumstances will you be officially excused for school trips. In that event, the appropriate school sponsor will notify me. For all other extenuating circumstances (illness, family death, etc. ) please notify me ahead of time and I will work with you to extend deadlines. NOTE: A broken computer or no internet does not constitute an excused absence or legitimate reason to extend assignments. You should always be prepared with a back up plan in the event of these circumstances. You always have the option to go to the local library or school campus to complete work. Board forum. The purpose of this forum is to build class community and to encourage dialogue amongst your peers. Some of these topics are controversial by nature. It is expected that you keep all postings objective, respectful, and academic in nature. Those that are offensive will be removed and will not be given any credit. Furthermore, students who continue to post offensive dialogue despite instructor intervention may be removed from the course. Weekly Quizzes: Every few weeks you will be required to complete a quiz. These quizzes will help prepare you for the content covered in the midterm and final exam. The quizzes will be multiple-choice questions, fill in the blank, short answer, and will be timed. Proctored Exams: You are required to schedule your final exam through a proctoring center. You are required to schedule exams early so that you can find a time that meets your schedule. I do not accept the excuse of proctoring centers are full or l oldest come at any times they had available. You are required to take your exam by the required due date (see course home page for dates). You can schedule an exam on the learning website. Keep in mind that during the summer, proctoring centers are closed on Fridays. Course Requirements/Grading: Your course grade is calculated out of one proctored final exam, weekly discussion boards, and quizzes. There will also be opportunities throughout the semester to gain bonus points. These opportunities will be posted on the Announcements page and will each have specific deadlines. A breakdown of points for the class is as follows: Quizzes: 40% Discussion Board other weekly assignments: 35% Final Examination (cumulative): 25% Academic Honesty: Plagiarism is a serious offense and will not be tolerated in any written work, including reaction papers or blob posts. If your papers are popularized, they will be graded accordingly. Options include, but are not limited to, failing the assignment, failing the course, and/or expulsion from school. Students can expect their writing submissions to be monitored by computer software designed to expose and document plagiarism.

What is Romance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is Romance - Essay Example I plainly believe, on this ground, that one such element of huge significance is romance – a mystical fuel or driving force within what constitutes the essence of love yet which possesses distinct character that enables us to distinguish one relationship from the other. Despite the mystery of how it works, romance is something humans readily perceive for it is, I suppose, designed to relish our senses and recognize the truth of love in-the-making. By experience and common knowledge, we take romance as it is in thought and act capable of emerging moments of lasting splendor due to which, we feel young at heart. It is not merely present and cherished by couples of opposite sexes, as I see it. Apparently, there occurs romance between any two critically intimate entities – such as man and God, man and self, God and other creatures, man and world, or even mind and wisdom, as well as life and struggle. We may not derive strength from it on a regular basis but certainly, romance beats the dull and illumines a soul in gloom as we treat it an unseen worker of personal tale, an occasional spice of relief, a rainbow connection, a dancing reverie, or a starlight express in all aspects of living. Last week, I visited the Timken Museum at Balboa Park in San Diego. The painting ‘Mrs. Thomas Gage, 1771’ by John Singleton Copley especially caught my attention. Through oil on canvas, Copley seems to have managed his artistry to work on the fine details of the piece in the manner as to exude radiance of the main subject. In the overall view of the painting, hence, my critical observation led me to ponder that the chief task of his brainwork could have focused on lighting scheme. It appears that, besides the vital consideration of lines, curves, and colors that altogether formed the image of Mrs. Thomas Gage, Copley ensured that these visual elements were governed by the perspective of light, originating mostly out of the

Spouse Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spouse Abuse - Essay Example Definition. Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) is a variation of the self-defense claim in assault and murder cases where a woman asserts an affirmative defense based on her psychological state as the result of a pattern of abuse by her batterer. BWS seeks to justify a woman's criminal conduct as excusable due to a diminished mental capacity combined with an understandably urgent need to end the abuse. Standard Self-Defense Claim. In a traditional self-defense claim, the accused has the burden to show that they were in fear for their life, in imminent danger of physical harm, and had no recourse but to respond with reasonable, even deadly, force. This differs from BWS in that the former is based upon the facts surrounding a single event and the latter is predicated upon a psychological condition caused by extended abuse. In BWS, the accused is not required to demonstrate that, at the moment of the criminal activity, she was in immediate danger. Her proactive violence against her batterer, which would otherwise be inconsistent with the perilous situation-derived self-defense claim, does not have to be undertaken at the moment of suffering actual harm. Argument for BWS. A victim of habitual assaults over the course of time is viewed in a sympathetic light by a judge or jury. While her actions may not be within the letter of the law, they are understandable when presented as the result of a diminished psychological state brought on by repeated abuse. Any human being, be they judge or juror, can identify with the drive to commit a violent act to escape an abusive situation. No reasonable person wants to punish a woman who has endured physical abuse over the course of months or years just because she chose to end that abuse by assaulting her attacker when he was asleep, for example, and not posing an immediate danger to her at the moment. Surely, if given the chance, he would likely pose a threat in the future and her actions seem appropriate. Argument against BWS. Where BWS is flawed as a legal defense is within the scope of its analysis and the absence of empirical diagnosis. A BWS defense focuses solely on the state of mind of the abuse victim where she, while not in imminent danger, chooses to engage in an otherwise criminal act. This requires a judge or jury to suspend consideration of all the facts of the matter, as well as any available non-violent remedies to an abused woman, and accept that her state of mind would not permit her to escape the situation while it simultaneously allowed her to attack her attacker when he wasn't being abusive. Further, there is no definitive medical or psychological protocol to determine BWS, especially in self-reporters of abuse, making it impossible to obtain a sure diagnosis of the condition that can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. My Position. I believe the BWS is a valid defense. Even though it may be hard to diagnose as a psychological impairment, the fact is that any woman who has endured sustained physical abuse could exercise a traditional self-defense claim if she acted in the moment. The fact that she chose to wait until she was not being attacked before taking action does not mitigate the obvious; she would be battered again and the state of mind created by continued abuse should be considered when she comes before a court of law.

Globalisation Has Become An Increasingly Important Phenomenon Marketing Essay

Globalisation Has Become An Increasingly Important Phenomenon Marketing Essay Abstract Globalisation has become an increasingly important phenomenon that has given firms way to be internationalised. Globalization as a foundation for adopting global strategies has during recent years been given scant attention. The importance of multinational companies cannot be overlooked with globalisation in the back of the mind. Firms are constantly adopting global strategies so as to compete on the international market and to reap the enviable advantage from economies of scale. Globalization often regarded as the pathway of internationalization has led to the development of strategies shaped to face the highly competitive global environment (Levitt 1983, Baden-Fuller, Stopford 1991). Regional strategies have often been considered as a way to become a global player, but recently regional strategies have achieved high momentum to reap global sales. The assignment aims to integrate the historical development of two big companies, Ford and Diageo and the global oriented strategies adop ted by each frim respectively at different stage of their development so as to get ahead in this competitive and dynamic global game. a) Introduction The march towards a true global economy is going forward at a ferocious pace. Globalisation has paved the way for many firms to be internationalised. According to Hood and Young (2000), globalization is a process by which the world economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. Porter (1985) highlighted that globalisation has urged many firms to divert production to international markets so as to achieve long term competitive advantage. Porter (1980) further emphasized that the main driver behind the move to international markets is to explore business opportunities. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) seem to have been the major players in this drama put on a world stage for all to view. It is noted that many big companies that compete internationally pin their hopes for success on a single worldwide strategy mainly to achieve lukewarm results. According to Ghemawat (2005) and Levitt (1983), d eveloping global strategies mainly in search of new synergies and arbitrage and a global recognition has been the hype surrounding multinational corporations since the past decades. Global powerhouses such as Ford and Diageo concentrate on regional differences and then shape strategies that will match both domestic and international markets. Both Ford and Diageo have grown over the years and become active players in the global market for cars and drinks respectively. They have adopted global strategies which are at time similar. However, given that they operate in different products, some of their strategies differ. Theoretical Background The prominent trend in international business today concerns globalisation. This notion of globalisation has been defined by Ohmae (1995) as the removal of borders and barriers to trade between nations. Trade barriers have been lifted gradually through the GATT and WTO negotiations. The drivers behind the internationalisation of the firm in the global economy include huge developments in transport and communication which has made the mobility of all factors of production a reality across the globe and the increasing role of MNC s through outsourcing and business networks are developing in many parts of the world. It is widely believed that the evolution of multinationals is due to domestic market maturation and home market saturation (Caves 1982; Porter 1990). It is widely assumed by Mintzberg (1989) that expanding globally provides firms with the opportunity to become more profitable. According the continuous increase in speed, quality coupled with improvement in communication and t echnology has led to a significant reduction in transaction costs (Porter, 1990). Moreover, markets in farflung countries have become homogeneous making international business activities to be conducted easily (Hedlund Kverneland 1985). Classical theories Growth by Penrose (1959) and Hymer model (1960), firms internalise their activities mainly for economic gains such as the profit motive. The OLI-approach by Dunning (1979, 1981) purports that ownership, location and internalisation are the factors that influence the initial act of cross border production firms. Porter (1988) suggested that internationalisation enables the transfer of some moveable resources across a national border. Many firms, on the other hand internalise for market seeking motives. This motive is related mainly to companies that are endowed with high level of technology and a good brand image that give them sustainable competitive advantage over their peers. The market seeking motive is common for European mult inationals such as Nestle and Ford which have expanded their production across borders mainly in search of new markets. The aim to achieve reduced costs of production is another factor that has triggered the internationalisation process. The removal of tariff barriers has urged many companies to outsource production mainly to benefit from low cost production and low capital cost. Moreover, the drive to benefit from scale economies and ballooning RD have also triggered the international expansion of firms making them global companies and have brought about a new set of motivations that underlay these global strategies. Globalization characterised as the true path of internationalization has bought about the development of strategies designed to meet the needs of the global environment, where standardization has been the key message to cater for the needs of the world market with global products (Levitt 1983, Baden-Fuller, Stopford 1991). During the early years, there was much complexity over the design and technology of the motorcar. The beginning of the 20th century marked the coming of cars with the latest design and technology. It was the Fordism which was the first revolution in the process technology followed by Toyota afterwards. Ford is a US automobile company which was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford in Michigan and it made its first shipment in that year itself. which produced 1708 cars in the first year. Ford is a pioneer in the automobile industry and has a portfolio of brands such as Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury. It also provides financial services. The business is divided into different segments mainly North America, ford Europe, Ford South America and Ford Asia Pacific Africa designed to serve the different markets. Diageo is the leader in premium drinks across the world. It resulted from the merger of Grand Metropolitan and Guinness in 1997. This merger has led to a complete rebranding and reimaging of the company. It took over the wine business of Seagram in 2001. In 2006, Johnnie Walker Blue Label and King GeorgeV Edition made its appearance in duty free channels of Europe. The company is now seen as an ethical company which contributing effectively to corporate social responsibility. As per the Financial Times, Diageo formed part of the 150 largest companies in the world in 2008. To increase its market, Diageo made a joint venture with and made the Diageo Kirin. The company is listed on both the London Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. For Diageo, sustainability refers to the long term success of the business while taking into consideration the needs of stakeholders, community and at the same time protecting the environment. Compared to its competitors, Diageo was among the 100 most sustainable companies in the world for their concern for the environmental and society. During the financial year 2011, the company earned revenues of  £13,232 million representing an increase of 2.1% in 2010. Strategies Ford produces a more varied product range of vehicles to attempt to tailor the needs of the different customer groups. For instance, the Ranger was designed to meet the needs of Asia pacific, Africa and South America. This new hybrid vehicle tailor-made for these regions has made Ford gone ahead of other overseas manufacturers. Ford has been able to use their window of opportunity to the full by satisfying the segments of consumers which they are targeting by providing them with the latest technology and convenient vehicles. Conversely, Diageo is involved in the production and distribution of a range of standardised products including beer, wine and spirits geared to satisfy every market in the world. Thus, compared to Ford which aims to produce a different kind of vehicles for each geographical area, Diageo on the other hand produces one type of drink to satisfy all its markets. Both firms aim towards sustainable development. Ford contributes significantly to the environment by making maximum use of recycled and renewable materials in its vehicles. It was highlighted that about 85% of materials that Ford use are recyclable. The use of recyclable and renewable materials is a prerequisite in Fords sustainability strategy mainly to decrease environmental footprint and increase the use of fuel-efficient vehicles and hence be more environment friendly. Ford has even merged with its previous rivals Chrysler and General Motors mainly to produce a car that will use less energy, cause less pollution. Diageo also contribute to a sustainable platform across its range of products through its Sustainability and Responsibility strategy. As part of this strategy, Diageo focusses on the benefits of alcohol in the society, preserves the natural resources and promotes good governance. Additionally, encouraging good drinking habits and working collaboratively with other stakeholders to combat the misuse of alcoholic drinks is of key importance in Diageos strategy. Diageo also concerned about the fact that most of its resources it uses are scarce. As a result, to contribute effectively to its environment, more water efficient, reduced use of carbon dioxide and innovative forms of packaging that is sustainable to the environment were adopted. However, what distinguishes Ford and Diageo on the sustainability issue is that Ford mainly focusses on the use of renewable and recyclable materials to undertake its production while Diageo mainly places emphasis on its community and how to promote res ponsible drinking as part of its sustainability programme. Conclusion To conclude, it is important to note that both businesses are operating in a globalised world where economic activities are very dynamic. Even if they operate in completely different lines of products, their global strategies should be similar in the sense that they have to study and react to any changes that definitely occur on this ongoing global business environment. PEST and SWOT analysis must be regularly conducted so as to analyse the changes occurring and to develop the right strategies that will strengthen the position of each business and eventually ensure sustainability in their performance. b) Introduction According to (Worthington 2003, p. 466), in a global, fast changing competitive environment, accessing international markets have become increasingly important for companies to benefit from reduction in costs and to increase their demand. Globalisation has brought about a new competitive landscape referred to as hypercompetitive markets where companies face enormous threats from their peers. So, accessing international markets has become the strategic instrument for many companies to ensure their further development. As highlighted by the OECD (2004), by moving to international markets bring about a host of opportunities such as economies of scale and technological know-how. As a result, almost every firm, be it automobile industry or alcoholic industry, are engaging their business outside the boundary of their home country. This is the case for Ford and Diageo which are deeply integrated in the process of internationalisation. The development of strategic attributes represents the c entrepiece of the internationalisation process by which a company build its position in the market. There are different modes of entry in international markets. It is argued by Root (1998) that the choice of entry mode is a crucial strategic decision for multinational firms. It was also pointed out by (Root 1998, p.15) that once a firm has set its foothold in the international markets, the modes of entry decisions will change in fairly predictable fashion. According to Hill (2007, p.486), firms are engaged in exporting when they have just started to expand their business globally and will shift to other modes in the future. Joint venture refers to an entity formed by two parties to carry out economic activities together. This is a popular form of market entry. Under licensing, an organisation gives another organisation with the right to use its intangible property in a specified geographical area for given amount of time by paying some amount in return, known as the royalty fee. In a wholly owned subsidiary, 100 percent of stock is owned by the firm. According to (Hill 2007, p.493), the firm can start a new business in that country known as greenfield investment or it can take over another business in the host country. The proliferation of mergers and acquisitions (MAs) were mostly fuelled by globalisation and increased competition. MAs are created by firms mainly to increase their global reach and competitiveness. Modes of entry of the two companies Export was considered as an indispensable complement to the development of the automobile industry, but usually the manufacturer designs a car with its home country in mind. Initially, ford was engaged in the export of cars to Europe, but with high transportation costs and tariff barriers, it started operation in Manchester. This marked the global expansion of Ford. Fords entry in the international market corresponds to a great extent by the great waves of international mergers and acquisitions. It had many alliances with local and overseas companies. The intention behind Fords collaboration with other automobile companies in the product development was mainly to share costs. It acquired hertz and Jaguar in 1987 and 1990 respectively. Its 100% stake in Hertz in 1994 clearly shows Ford as a wholly subsidiary. It also acquired the BMW and Land Rover and expanded to China under the form of joint venture. The ChanganFord then became operational in 2003 with the production of Fiesta. In 2 005, it made several acquisitions mainly reacquisition of Visteons 23 to protect its supply of components. By 2009, the automobile industry became a network of collaborative arrangements. So, we can say that ford is a growing company expanding into the global automotive market. Moreover, another factor that can classify ford as a global company is that it is engaged in the production of a standardised vehicle, which can be sold in multiple markets. According to WILKINS and HILL (1964), Fords trajectory can be seen as a model especially to the high position that it occupies in the industry and its allegedly outstanding process internationalisation. Ford is a pioneer in the automobile industry given the vast number of overseas manufacturing it handles and also since the very beginning of its operation it had developed strategies that were applicable worldwide. In addition, Ford source suppliers and choose assembly locations depending on costs. An increase in competition in the automobile industry has further increased the quest to reduce costs. The intention behind Fords collaboration with other automobile companies in the product development was mainly to share costs. The production system at Ford was backward integrated. Ford possessed rubber plantation in the amazon basin. Outsourcing of materials and components were the main trend for the past 30 years. The main objective behind this was to be cost effective and more flexible in its operations. The executives at ford have in mind to implement a strategy that involves three important elements such as globalisation, reengineering and market expansion. They are to develop vehicles platforms that can serve the needs of different markets. The objective behind this is a reduction in design and product development costs, to avoid repetitions and inefficiencies and to continue maintain their activities globally. Furthermore, Fords market share increased from 14.2% in 2008 to 16.5% in 2011 in the US. It is also a leader in other markets such as Canada with market share of 17.1%, Turkey with 15.8% amongst others. The high market share enables it get competitive advantage over its peers and as such it can increase its bargaining power and makes it a global company. The operational network of Ford is a highly diversified one with a variety of sectors such as assembly facilities, distribution centres and warehouses. It also has about 11,790 dealerships worldwide. In addition, in order to increase its production capacity, ford is investing in other countries mainly china, Thailand and India. This diverse range of operations enables it to meet the needs of customers round the world profitably. Similarly in the alcoholic drink industry, the creation of the global economy at the end of the 1960s helped to boost up the consumption of alcohol consumption and the expansion in sales in new geographical markets. Improvement in technologies captured scale economies which then translated in more effective distribution of alcoholic drinks. Mergers and acquisitions in this industry arose mainly because of competition. The large companies were competing mainly in the local market by producing a single product but along a portfolio of brands. The stagnation of the western market and increasingly global competition, firms felt the need to engage into mergers and acquisitions. In 1997, Diageo company following the merger of Grand Metropolitain and Guiness. The result of this merger was attributed not only to get the ownership of successful brands but also the rationalisation of costs. This merger has led to a complete rebranding and reimaging of the company. It took over the wine busines s of Seagram in 2001. Diageo made several acquisitions mainly with the Chalone Wine Group and the Whiskey business of Bushmills in 2005, Rosenblum Cellars a US firm producing wine in 2008. In 2006, Johnnie Walker Blue Label and King GeorgeV Edition made its appearance in duty free channels of Europe. In 2008, Diageo was involved in a licensing agreement with Korea to conduct its operation in the country and it also got involved in a joint venture in the same year with Namibia Breweries. Diageo was also engaged in partnership. Moreover, what makes Diageo a global company is that it is involved in several acquisitions to expand its market. Recently, it has invested about  £ 1billion to establish a market in Africa. Moreover, in order to meet the growing demand for Vodka in Vietnam, Diageo has acquired a stake of 45.52% in June 2012 Halico. By taking over other companies around the world enable Diageo to increase its market position. Moreover, its wine market has experienced high gro wth recently. For instance, in 2011 the market grew by 3.1% and it is expected that there will be an increase of 17.9% in 2016 from that of 2011. 65% of the wine market is in Europe which helps the company increase its presence in the market. Furthermore, Diageo has 106 production facilities in different countries like the UK, Ireland, Italy, the US, Canada, Jamaica, Australia, and Philippines. This wide range of production facilities situated in different countries provides Diageo with the opportunity to cater for the needs of the market more efficiently. So we can see that Diageo company is highly polarized between different markets of the world such as North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Africa, Latin America, and most of Asia Pacific. By making a presence in these markets, Diageo was able to gratify the benefits of scale economies and contribution. As per the Financial Times, Diageo formed part of the 150 largest companies in the world in 2008. This indeed makes Diage o a global company. We can say that Diageo has a specific strategic direction which has enabled it to achieve success in the European markets, established a foothold in North America and other international markets and gain a global recognition in Asia- pacific. The strategy of Diageos included selective acquisitions of popular brands coupled with a strong customer base and retaining current brands. Conclusion Hence, being both global, create conditions for both companies to become highly vulnerable to any slight change in the global economic environment. Following the recent economic crisis, Ford Company has faced severe downturn in Europe with a drastic fall in sales which seems to have no end in sight to the slump which is of great concern to the economy. As per the financial times in September 2012, Ford had experienced a fall of 29 per cent in its sales in Europe and a slowdown in the market for the 11th consecutive month. This has led to a fall in its market share by 1.6 percentage points to 6.5 per cent. According to the chief executive officer of ford, the only way ford to restructure its business and continue its investment is to cut production capacity to keep with demand. This in turn entails closing one of its plants to reduce costs. Last October 2012, ford has decided to close two plants in the UK which it hoped to improve the profitability of the company amid of the crisis. O n the other side, Diageo seems to be less affected by the economic crisis because alcoholic drinks have inelastic demand compared to cars. The recession usually causes consumers to cut their demand of luxury items first and in the long run may attempt to reduce their consumption of drinks. So, I believe that global changes might have less adverse effects on Diageo as compared to Ford.

Work and Life: Servant and Master :: Courage Relationships Papers

Work and Life: Servant and Master Waiting for a friend on the Upper East Side on an unusually fair day, an endearing sight caught my eye. Two adults were carrying a baby in a stroller up the steps of the Met. Besides the parents, there were other adults in the group accompanying the infant like bodyguards to a celebrity. I marveled at this entourage of relative giants huddled around this tiny being, servants lifting the sedan of a little emperor off to view the fruits of his court painters. Without his parents’ care, this frail and helpless creature would essentially perish as fast as he would fall if they suddenly decided to drop his stroller, yet he also had so much power over their lives—power derived not from coercion or election but simply from being born. And even though he was small and weak, they gave their services unconditionally. Growing up in a power-driven individualistic country such as America, it intrigues me how in many ways, we can never escape being servants in our lives even though we think we live in a culture focused on individual freedom and the power of one. It is amazing that we serve bosses who pay us and also serve small children who offer no material reward. The parents managed to balance that stroller so easily between the two of them, never letting it tilt, their little sovereign always in constant peaceful motion, but I wondered if it was just as easy for them to balance their services to home and work. I soon realized that this sun-drenched day was only one out of seven. At some point later in the week, his Little Majesty would be handed over to a nanny or daycare center. His parents would then rush off to office buildings many times as spacious as the world’s biggest nursery, and they would answer to supervisors whose one look of disapproval could cause more damage than a whole night of the little boy’s wailing and whining. Someday, I thought, I would probably have both bosses too, for whom, in different ways, I would work and serve. In order to provide for my family and children, I would have to appease bosses and clients. On a day-to-day basis, it would seem that I was perpetually going from service to service. That made me wonder whether I really have choice and power over my own life, or whether I will merely be a

Graphene Replaced with Copper

Graphene replaced with copper Graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper Recent research into the properties of graphene nanoribbons provides two new reasons for using the material for interconnects in future computer chips. In widths as narrow as 16 nm, graphene has a current-carrying capacity approximately a thousand times greater than copper while providing improved thermal conductivity. The current-carrying and heat-transfer measurements were reported by a team of researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA). The same team had previously reported measurements of resistivity in graphene that suggest the material’s conductance would outperform that of copper in future generations of nanometer-scale interconnects. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper at these size scales, according to Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer at Georgia Tech. {draw:frame} Composed of thin layers of graphite, graphene has been studied by the Georgia Tech team as a potential replacement for copper in on-chip interconnects wires. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity of more than 108 A/cm2, which makes them very robust in resisting electromigration and should greatly improve chip reliability. This electromigration phenomenon causes transport of material, especially at high-current density and leads to a break in the wire and, consequently, chip failure. The research team also discovered that the graphene nanoribbons also have excellent thermal conductivity properties and can conduct heat away from devices. They found that graphene nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of more than 1,000 W/m Kelvin for structures less than 20 nm wide. This will help the interconnects serve as heat spreaders in future generations of integrated circuits, according to Murali. They used electron beam lithography to construct four electrode contacts, then used lithography to fabricate devices consisting of parallel nanoribbons of widths ranging between 16 and 52 nm and lengths of between 0. 2 and 1  µm. The breakdown current density of the nanoribbons was then studied by slowly applying an increasing amount of current to the electrodes on either side of the parallel nanoribbons. A drop in current flow indicated the breakdown of one or more of the nanoribbons. In the study of 21 test devices, the researchers found that the breakdown current density of graphene nanoribbons has a reciprocal relationship to the resistivity. Because graphene can be patterned using conventional chip-making processes, manufacturers could make the transition from copper to graphene without a drastic change in chip fabrication. The data they developed so far look very promising for using this material as the basis for future on-chip interconnects. Visit www. youtube. com/watch? v=kd6zzwhfEqw to view a video explaining graphene’s thermal-conductivity capabilities. Though one of graphene’s key properties is reported to be ballistic transport—meaning electrons can flow through it without resistance—the material’s actual conductance is limited by factors that include scattering from impurities, line-edge roughness and from substrate phonons—vibrations in the substrate lattice. Use of graphene interconnects could help facilitate continuing increases in integrated circuit performance once features sizes drop to approximately 20 nanometers, which could happen in the next five years, researchers said. At that scale, the increased resistance of copper interconnects could offset performance increases, meaning that without other improvements, higher density wouldn’t produce faster integrated circuits. This is not a roadblock to achieving scaling from one generation to the next, but it is a roadblock to achieving increased performance. Dimensional scaling could continue, but because we would be giving up so much in terms of resistivity, we wouldn’t get a performance advantage from that. That’s the problem we hope to solve by switching to a different materials system for interconnects Survey in graphene replaced with copper PORTLAND, Ore. —Graphene will carry nearly 1,000-times more current and run over 10-times cooler than conventional copper interconnects below 22-nanometer line widths, according to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The speed (electron mobility) of graphene has already been touted as better than copper, but this Georgia Tech data on nanoribbons as small as 16-nanometers quantifies just how superior carbon is to copper. The graphene nanoribbons tested at Georgia Tech could carry as much as 10 billion amps per square centimeter—nearly a thousand times greater than copper. â€Å"No one had measured graphene's current carrying capacity before this,† said Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer in Georgia Tech's Nanotechnology Research Center. One possible reason that this property of graphene was not touted before is that there were no experimental results until our work. † The superior current carrying capability of carbon formed into graphene nanoribbons is also combined with less heat build-up, since carbon's thermal conductivity is much higher than copper. Nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of 1,000-to-5000 watts per meter Kelvin—ten times greater than copper . The Georgia Tech researchers also claim that graphene nanoribbons will mitigate electro-migration which is an increasing problem for copper as line widths descend to the nanoscale. If the current carried through a wire is close to the current-carrying capacity of the wire, then the chances of electromigration are greater than if the current in the wire is much smaller than the current-carrying capacity,† said Murali. â€Å"Graphene has over two orders of magnitude greater capacity than copper, thus if a graphene wire is compared to a copper wire carrying the same current, then the graphene wire will better resist electromigration. † Murali's team obtained their graphene samples by removing layers from a graphite block and depositing them on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. E-beam lithograhy was used to construct the metal contacts and cut the parallel lines of graphene into lines 16-to-52 nanometers wide and 200-to-1000 nanometers long. There are three hurdles remaining to commercialization of carbon interrconnects, according to the researchers at Georgia Tech: perfecting methods of growing monolayers of graphene over entire wafers (since today only small centimeter-sized areas can be easiliy grown in monolayers), fabricating vias to interrconnect graphene nanowires, and integration of carbon into the back-end of process on a CMOS line. Murali performed the work with fellow researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, Thomas Beck and James Meindl. This research was funded by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Interconnect Focus Center, the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative and the Institute for Nanoelectronics Discovery and Exploration (INDEX). Replacing silicon {draw:frame} Silicon transisitors are approaching the point where further miniturization will no longer be possible. It is expected that once silicon transistors reach 16nm size, optical lithography will no longer be capable of making smaller images. Thus, unless all preogress in transistor size is terminated and performance improvements are limited to processor architecture alone, it is very likely that chip manufacturers will move to graphene as a way to get smaller transisitors. One example is that graphene transistors are very â€Å"leaky† compared to those made of silicon- that is, more charge can escape from them. This means that graphene chips are likely to run much hotter than silicon chips. Graphene has several very appealing traits. Electrons meet much less resistance from graphene than they do from silicon, traveling through it more than 100 times as easily. And because graphene is essentially a two-dimensional material, building smaller devices with it and controlling the flow of electricity within them are easier than with three-dimensional alternatives like silicon transistors. The finding underscores graphene's potential for serving as an excellent electronic material, such as silicon, that can be used to develop new kinds of transistors based on quantum physics. Because they encounter no obstacles, the electrons in graphene roam freely across the sheet of carbon, conducting electric charge with extremely low resistance. The research team, led by Chun Ning (Jeanie) Lau, found that the electrons in graphene are reflected back by the only obstacle they meet: graphene's boundaries. â€Å"These electrons meet no other obstacles and behave like quantum billiard balls. â€Å"They display properties that resemble both particles and waves. † when the electrons are reflected from one of the boundaries of graphene, the original and reflected components of the electron can interfere with each other, the way outgoing ripples in a pond might interfere with ripples reflected back from the banks. he â€Å"electronic interference† by measuring graphene's electrical conductivity at extremely low (0. 26 Kelvin) temperatures. She explained that at such low temperatures the quantum properties of electrons can be studied more easily. The electrons in graphene can display wave-like properties, which could lead to interesting applications such as ballistic transistors, which is a new type of transistor, as w ell as resonant cavities for electrons, that a resonant cavity is a chamber, like a kitchen microwave, in which waves can bounce back and forth. Scientifically, it has become a new odel system for condensed-matter physics, the branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of solid materials. Graphene enables table-top experimental tests of a number of phenomena in physics involving quantum mechanics and relativity. Bearing excellent material properties, such as high current-carrying capacity and thermal conductivity, graphene ideally is suited for creating components for semiconductor circuits and computers comparing with silicon. Its planar geometry allows the fabrication of electronic devices and the tailoring of a variety of electrical properties. Because it is only one-atom thick, it can potentially be used to make ultra-small devices and further miniaturize electronics. Image shows graphene, which can act as an atomic-scale billiard table, with electric charges acting as billiard balls. (Credit: Lau lab, UC-Riverside) Silicon has been the main ingredient in microchips since they replaced vacuum tubes in electronics. But the common element graphene, found in pencils, may one day supplant silicon on the billion-dollar foundries of IBM, Intel and AMD. Graphene shares the characteristics that make silicon so ubiquitous, not just in computers and cell phones, but in such applications as medical and aviation sensors, ultrahigh-frequency analog electronics for preparing signals for fiber-optic transmission or for radars. Graphene can do what silicon can, only better. Graphene has extraordinary electron-transport properties; its monolayer thickness yields exquisite sensitivity to changes in environment, and its mechanical and thermal properties equal or exceed those of the best conventional materials. The superior properties of graphene and graphene-related materials present an extraordinary opportunity for enabling new classes of electronic, optoelectronic and electromechanical devices and sensors The first commercial use for graphene may be as an electrical coating for LCD screens, solar cells, and touch screens. Thin, transparent, extremely conductive, and strong, it seems ideal for the job. ONE OF THE APPLICATION Graphene Quilts to Keep Things Cool December 21, 2009 {draw:frame} Graphene University of California, Riverside (UCR) Professor of Electrical Engineering and Chair of Materials Science and Engineering Alexander Balandin is leading several projects to explore ways to use the unique capabilities of graphene â€Å"quilts† as heat conductors in high-power electronics. Graphene is a recently discovered single-atom-thick carbon crystal, which reveals many unique properties. In Balandin’s designs, graphene â€Å"quilts† (large-area overlapping networks of graphene flakes) will play quite an opposite role of your grandma’s quilts. They will remove heat instead of retaining it. His work on graphene heat-conducting coats for heat removal from high-power gallium-nitride transistors is being funded by a recently awarded $420,000 grant from U. S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It aims at an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration to be conducted in Balandin’s Nano-Device Laboratory (NDL). In addition to the ONR grant, Balandin received a new three-year subcontract with the Interconnect Focus Center (IFC), based at the Georgia Institute of Technology, that deals with graphene interconnects and heat spreaders for three-dimensional (3-D) electronics. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the next five years, up to 80 percent of microprocessor power will be consumed by the interconnect wiring—a driver for the search for new interconnect materials and innovative methods of heat removal. Another recent subcontract awarded to Balandin is with the Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA) center based at UCLA. In this center, he investigates the problems of energy dissipation in graphene nanostructures and nanodevices. Combined new funding secured by Balandin this month for the three projects exceeds $1 million. The centers’ funding comes from the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Because graphene is only one molecule thick, it didn’t lend itself to traditional methods of thermal conductivity measurement. Balandin led a team of researchers that first measured it using an original non-conventional technique in 2008. The procedure involved a non-contact approach on the basis of Raman spectroscopy utilizing the inelastic scattering of photons (light) by phonons (crystal vibrations). The power dissipated in graphene and corresponding temperature rise were detected by extremely small shifts in the wavelength of the light scattered from graphene. That was sufficient to extract the values of the thermal conductivity through an elaborate mathematical procedure. Balandin’s research group discovered that the thermal conductivity of large suspended graphene sheets varies in the range from about 3000 to 5300 W/mK (watts per meter per degree Kelvin) near room temperature. These are very high values, which exceed those of carbon nanotubes (3,000-3,500 W/mK) and diamond (1,000-2,200 W/mK). As a result of his findings, Balandin has proposed several innovative graphene-based approaches for thermal management , which might lead to creation of a new technology for local cooling and hot-spot spreading in the high-power-density and ultra-fast chips. A detailed description of Balandin’s graphene and thermal management research can be found in his invited popular science article, â€Å"Chill Out,† in the October 2009 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the magazine of the The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).

Converting Pounds Per Square Inch or PSI to Pascals

This example problem demonstrates how to convert the pressure unit pounds per square inch (psi) to pascals (Pa). PSI To Pa Problem The average air pressure at sea level is 14.6 psi. What is this pressure in Pa?Solution:1 psi 6894.7 PaSet up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want Pa to be the remaining unit.pressure in Pa (pressure in psi) x (6894.7 Pa/1 psi)pressure in Pa (14.6 x 6894.7) Papressure in Pa 100662.7 PaAnswer:The average sea level air pressure is 100662.7 Pa or 1.0 x 105 Pa.