Effect of Single Parenting to Children Essay

Traditionally, a family is viewed to be composed of a mother, father, and a child or children. Family is also considered as a sacred that should be bind by love. In a family, the mother is tasked to take care of the child and the family while and father is responsible for the financial matter. In addition, in the conservative point of view and even practiced in the early days, a woman who bears a child out of wedlock suffers societal humiliation. In some countries, such woman is also being punished or even executed because having a son outside a marriage was considered as a sin. However, in the present era, pre-marital sex, divorce, single parenthood is highly accepted in the society. Woman and man are now liberated. In the society, a family does not necessarily require two parents. But rather, it has been accepted that family can be composed of a mother or a father and a child. Due to various factors, single parenthood cannot be prevented. The rise of the percentage of man or woman entering into a stage of single parenthood was brought about by their adventurism and liberation (Magnier). According to research, there are two out of ten women who are single parent (Magnier). The number is also increasing due to various factors. Consequently, a single parent affects the development of the child. The overall development of a child would certainly be affected when reared by a single parent. As to financial matter, there is tendency that needs and wants of the child will not be provided by the single parent. Notably, one of the advantages of having a complete family is that the mother and father are partners in sustaining the financial needs of the family. In a single parent family, the economic deprivation would create stress and strain not only to the parent but also to the child (â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. †). As a result, the child would develop self-pity and have a tendency of being rebellious if his needs and wants are not given. More importantly, through problem in income, the single parent may not be able to provide proper education and healthcare to the child. The economic status of the single parent greatly affects the development of the child. According to research, a considerable percentage is composed of single parent. Since the single parent hardly provides a good life to the child, the tendency would be to live in an inferior and populated housing system (Bornstein 110). As a consequence, the child would be exposed to a deteriorated and dangerous neighborhood (Bornstein 110). Exposures to such kind of neighborhood would increase their tendency of engaging in illegal activities or commission of crimes. Additionally, both sociologist and psychologists believe that a child of a single parent experiences difficulties in his or her emotional and psychological adjustment (Bornstein 109). The child’s school performance and educational attainment is likewise affected (Bornstein 109). The child experiences difficulties because of his or her exposure to criticism, ridicule, and discrimination. It is noteworthy that as the child grows, he is exposed to a wider social environment. Among children, their mental capability of understanding the issue is not clear because they believe that a family is composed of a mother and a father. Single parenthood would create in their minds several questions that will eventually make them conclude that a child of a single parent is pitiful and disgraceful. These prove that single parent is more susceptible to societal predicaments. The societal problem will instill in child’s mind an unwanted emotional state. The child of a single parent has also the tendency of entering into marriage at an early age, pre-marital sex, drug abuse, gangs, and other societal problems. Moreover, the child would likely become more aggressive and rebellious as a result of the discriminations he or she may suffer (Magnier). In some children, they may develop inferiority as they find it hard to compete with others in many aspects. Although the aggressive or rebellious behavior of the child may not appear at an earlier stage, such may be developed as the child grows. Hence, it is necessary for the parent to guide the child’s development. As to educational aspect of the child, the absence of a father or a mother greatly affects the child’s performance. In school, there are activities that require the presence of the parents. But, in the case of a child having a single parent, cooperation in such activities would be impossible. Among the effects includes higher absentee rates at school, higher dropout rates, lower level of education, and engagement in delinquent activities such as drug addiction and alcohol abuse (â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. †). If these continue as the child grows, the child may end up to nothing and be involved in criminal activities. From the above stated, it is clear that single parenthood extensively contributes to the development of the child. The mental, emotional, physical, psychological, and social aspect of the child is impaired by the nature of the family he or she is exposed to. As the child grows, he or she is exposed to discrimination because of having a single parent. In addition, the child is deprived of the feeling of having a father or a mother. Significantly, a child demands a lot of things and becomes inquisitive as he or she grows. As a consequence, the single parent would deny or make excuses until the child stop asking. However, on the part of the child, a mental and emotional state would be developed. Furthermore, the child would become a society’s problem if not properly reared by the parent. Hence, in order to prevent the negative consequences of a single parenthood on the child, it is necessary that the parent should exert every effort in guiding the child as he or she grows. Works cited Bornstein, Marc H. Handbook of Parenting: Being and Becoming a Parent. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Magnier, Jenny. 14 March 2007. â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting on Children. † Ezine Articles. 7 April 2009 < http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Effects-Of-Single-Parenting-On-Children&id=488617>. â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. † 2008. Marriage and Family Encyclopedia. 7 April 2009 .

Victorian Literature: Anglo-American Feminism, French Feminism

ssignment Title: ‘Compare and Assess at least two of the following approaches in feminist theory, with illustration from two of the Victorian texts you have studied: Anglo-American feminism; French Feminism; Socialist or Marxist Feminism; feminist approaches influenced by Foucault. ‘ ‘I declare that this is my own work and that I have followed the code of academic good conduct and have sought, where necessary, advice and guidance in the proper presentation of my work. ‘ Signature: Date: Compare and Assess at least two of the following approaches in feminist theory, with illustration from two of the Victorian texts you have studied: Anglo-American Feminism; French Feminism; Socialist or Marxist Feminism; Feminist Approaches influenced by Foucault. ‘ Feminist theory like psychoanalytic theory is relatively modern in its creation. The immergence of feminist literary theories can be linked to the out break of female political uprising in the early nineteenth century. The French Revolution marked the beginning of a fight for the obtaining of women's rights to power and equality in society. Elaine Showalter comments that the ideological socially acceptable view of Victorian women as a whole can be seen as ‘†¦ prescribed a woman who would be a Perfect Lady, an Angel in the House, contently submissive to men, but strong in inner purity and religiosity, queen in her own realm of the Home. (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 13) Feminist theory is segregated into separate view points of feminism as a whole; French Feminism analyses literature from a perspective of a psychoanalytic view, drawing upon the work of Lacan to highlight view points. It helps to analyse the ways in which women are positioned in society in the text and how they can be perceived to be repressed. Marxist Feminism takes its inspiration from how the women can be perceived to be oppressed in literature. American feminism analyses literature from a textual expressive view point. All feminist out looks have their issues which provide flaws into their argument. ‘To be sure, most feminist thinkers today assume that nurture, at the very least, qualifies nature. Recently, however, a number of poststructuralist theorists – deploying both male and female signatures – have claimed that there is no gendered â€Å"reality,† that the concepts of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman† are, as some would put it, â€Å"always already† fictive since human identity is itself a tenuous, textually produced epiphenomenon. ‘ (No Man's Land. Pagexv). Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronti provided feminist critics with a canvas of a examples of marginally autobiographical Victorian gynocentrism. The production of text from a woman, looking at the emphasis placed on the female place in the history of the text, the structural placing of women and the thematic view of women in the text. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue that women writers such as Emily Bronti had been trapped into the roles that society has manipulated, as they were trapped against the patriarchal view of the angel of the house. However even thought there is a desire for this view to be usurped, Bronte still curtails herself to society's expectations by debilitating and eventually killing off of the strong rebellious charcter of Catherine, emphasising her own fear of what the female form in which she was writing. Gilbert and Gubar's reading of Wuthering Heights classes it as a ‘A bible of Hell. ‘ (Gilbert, S & Gubar, S. Mad woman in the attic) The classification of Wuthering heights as a living hell is created in type by the Byronic hero of Heathcliff. Although Gilbert and Gubar look into the curtailment of women being confined to the house, trapped into submission by domesticity, Wuthering Heights provides Catherine with her own sense of control where she can break social confinements. Yet Catherine chooses to be confined by domesticity and social patriarchy by marrying Edgar Linton. Bronte does however portray the confusion Catherine feels in making her choice between what she desires and what is socially expected; You love Mr Edgar because he is handsome, and young, and cheerful, and rich and loves you. The last, however, goes for nothing – You would love him without that, probably, and with it, you wouldn't, unless he possessed the four former attractions. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 119)Through the use of the second generation Cathy, Bronte allows the correction from cultural to natural choice to be made via the successful relationship between Cathy and Hareton. Kristeva comments on the text ‘presses the linguistic sign to its limits, the semiotic is fluid, plural, a kind of pleasurable creative excess over precise meaning and it takes sadistic delight in destroying or negating such signs. ‘ (Literary Theory: an introduction). The dual nature of narration in the novel serves thematic purposes, in that both provide commentary on the role of women in society. The feminist nature of the novel can be seen through Lockwood's comments on the success of Nelly's narrative story telling. Bronte manipulates the Victorian view that women have innate frailty and makes a parody out if the view by portraying Catherine's illness as a strength in which she is manipulating those around her through Nelly's perception; ‘I wasted no condolences on miss, nor any expostulations on my mistress, not did I pay attention to the sighs of my master, who yearned to hear his lady's name, since he might not hear her voice. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 158) Catherine's subsequent illness shows itself in the form of a disillusioned madness. Bronte's use of this madness is to offer clarity to the social structure that the very cultural expectations of Catherine are the things that cause the feared wild nature to develop; ‘This feather was picked up from the heath, the bird was shot – we saw its nest in the winter, full of little skeletons. Heathcliff set a trap over it, and the old ones dare not come. I made him promise he'd never shoot a lapwing, after that, and he didn't. Yes, here are more! Did he shoot my lapwings, Nelly? Are they red, any of them? Let me look. (Wuthering Heights, Page 160) Gilbert and Gubar view Catherine's imprisonment in Thrushcross Grange as the reason for her being trapped into a feminine madness; ‘Imprisonment leads to madness, solipsism, paralysis †¦ Starvation – both in the modern sense of malnutrition and the archaic Miltonic sense of freezing (‘to starve in ice') – leads to weakness, immobility and death. (Rylance, Page 253) Catherine's embracing of Victorian societal views that kept her from being with Heathcliff. Included in these views are the expectations of women. It is important to note because the awareness of social standing and gender in this example prevent true love prevailing. Bronte also argues that Catherine's inability to resist social ambition is reflective of the oppressive power of the social structure of the Victorian society. Bronte feminises Lockwood by giving him the typically female characteristic of frailty, according to Beth Newman ‘Lockwood's supine passivity (he is bed ridden during most of her narrative) suggests that he is in the â€Å"feminine† position with respect to Nelly's controlling gaze. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1034). Emily Bronte portrays Hareton as a model man who does not fear women but does not repress them either, this is marked through his not hiding away from Cathy's advances; â€Å"Helene Cixous has written that the Medusa who has terrorized the male subject, looked at â€Å"straight on,† is actually â€Å"beautiful†¦ and †¦ Laughing† Bronte has uncannily anticipated Cixous's analysis of the masculine fear of the woman's gaze in suggesting that Hareton, alone among the male characters in the novel, is able to laugh back. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1037). The splitting and fragmentation of Catherine's feminine desire through the lack of a stable identity, she is Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff and Catherine Linton at the same time. The theme of heaven and hell is prevalent most through Heath cliff's representation as a satanic wild figure that should be feared. Bronte links Heathcliff to the wildness of nature through his name; he becomes one with the heath surrounding the heights. Catherine expresses her own desire to be associated with Heathcliff through â€Å"If I were in Heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ‘ ‘Because you are not fit to go there,' I answered. ‘All sinners would be miserable in heaven. ‘†¦ ‘I was only going to say that heaven did not seem to be my home; and it broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out, into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights, where I woke sobbing for joy. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 121) Bronte uses the binary opposition to emphasise Catherine's ideal of Heaven being Heathcliff. Yet due to the confinement of social expectation Catherine turns her back on Heaven and places herself in the Hell that is Thrushcross Grange causing a fragmented version of herself to become her existence. Kristeva comments on Wuthering Heights lack of ability to have a simplistic narrative form, there is a use of multiple genres to create the complex binary oppositions. The use of the re-emergence of the choice between patriarchy and desire through Cathy has the object of; ‘articulating the mother-child relation as a site for both affirm the archaic force of the pre-oedipal, which although repressed is thus also preserved. Both affirm the fluid, polymorphous perverse status of libidinal drives and both evoke a series of sites of bodily pleasure capable of resisting the demands of the symbolic order. ‘ (Jacques Lacan; A feminist Introduction, Page 149) ‘Thus, although Wuthering Heights ends in cosy domesticity, the gaps in its enunciation express a feminist resistance to the patriarchal order in which its story partially acquiesces: for the narrative undercuts the condition of its own telling even while implicating them in specular economy that fetishizes and appropriates women. ‘ (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1039) Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market expresses the frustrations from enforced female passivity, articulating bitterness about being the second sex, and the limitations on female potential; this is evident through out the poem, culminating as two women become what Victorian patriarchy predetermines, wives and mothers. Goblin Market shows women in social relations, in market economies in literary history and women in sexual economics. Elizabeth Helsinger explains that Goblin Market is ‘A feminist utopia based on sisterhood against male domination and ‘the male' market or a legitimating of separate spheres? Victorian studies, 1991). Goblin Market allows Rossetti the opportunity to escape the archaic patriarchy and create a fantasy realm. Rossetti allows Lizzie and Laura an insight into the male commodities of male utopia that is the market place, and how to successfully regain equal control. ‘This is a morally nonsense poem, which puts religious myth and sexual temptation into a market economy which is endlessly unstable. ‘ (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 138). Rossetti's creation of sisterly solidarity gives a feminine outlook; ‘Hug me, kiss me, suck my juices Squeezed from goblin fruits for you, Goblin pulp and Goblin Dew. Eat me, drink me, love me; For your sake I have braved the glen And had to do with goblin merchant men. ‘ (A Choice of Christina Rossetti's verse, Page 16). ‘The sexual suggestiveness of ‘Goblin Market' has undoubtedly made it a compelling work for feminist readers concerned with what constitutes a distinctly female imagination. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own. ‘ Victorian Womens Poets, Page 50). â€Å"Goblin Market', the title poem of Christina Rossetti's first volume, is the questioning feminine discourse it masks. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own': Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49) Rossetti's representation of sexuality is not in the names or images she finds but in the structure of the whole poem with its repeated tasting. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own': Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49) In many respects Goblin Market is directly contradictory to many nineteenth century views about the role of the woman poet. Mary Ann Stoddart, 1842, defines the sphere of the poetess as: â€Å"All that is beautiful in form, delicate in sentiment, graceful in action will form the peculiar province of the gentle powers of women†. Goblin Market can be said to have none of these qualities. This metrical indulgence, gives Goblin Market a sensual art for art's sake, which is usually reserved for male poets, making this offering to the public by a poetess incompatible with Victorian notions of female poetic beauty Laura performs a familiar role in literary history – that of the fallen Eve. She relinquishes herself to the sexual temptation offered by the evil goblin men. Her sin is compounded by prostitution in selling a lock of her hair in return for the fruits. This can be viewed as an act of rape; the goblins cut her hair for payment, when, at the time, a woman's hair was a somewhat sacred thing. The fallen woman is a common figure in literature, however, because she comes from the creative mind of a female poet the representation comes to have a few problems in its interpretation. Yet still, Laura receives her salvation, from her sin of eating the fruit, through the self-sacrificing actions of her sister. Lizzie plays the male role of redemption. While Rossetti can be viewed in opposition to the Victorian ideals of female creativity, there is an inherent conservatism in her work that creates problems with the idea of her being a truly radical or feminist writer. Unlike the other Pre-Raphaelite poets, Rossetti does not embrace atheism, but rather adheres to a strict Anglo-Catholic faith â€Å"Goblin Market' is Christina Rossetti's most remarkable long poem. She was also a writer of consummate lyrics. What can be called the feminine discourse which respondes to the aesthetics of expression and repression overflow and barrier, in ‘Goblin Market', is also at work in her short poems. ‘ (‘A music of thine own':Womens Poetry, Victorian Womens Poets, Page 54). Through both of the texts analyzed it is important to notice that as Showalter states that it is in fact, â€Å"female imagination' cannot be treated by literary historians as a romantic or Freudian abstraction. It is the product of a delicate network of influences operating in a time, and it must be analyzed as it expresses itself, in language and in a fixed arrangement of words on a page, a form that itself is subject to a network of influences and conventions, including the operations of the marketplace. ‘ (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 12) Both Emily Bronte and Christina Rossetti were classed as typically romantic Victorian women's writers. However this view is highly problematic as both women try to break the curtailments of Victorian archaic patriarchy in their work, constantly testing and pushing the boundaries of female authorship; ‘Romance fiction deals above all with the doubts and delights of heterosexuality, an institution which feminism has seen as problematic from the start. In thinking about this ‘problem' I myself have found the psychoanalytic framework most useful since it suggests that the acquisition of gendered subjectivity is a process, a movement towards the social ‘self' , fraught with conflicts and never fully achieved. Moreover, psychoanalysis takes the question of pleasure seriously, both in its relation to gender and in its understanding of fictions as fantasies, as the explorations and productions of desires which may be excess of the socially possible or acceptable. It gives us ways into the discussion of popular culture which can avoid the traps of moralism or dictatorship. ‘ (Romance Fiction, Female sexuality and class. Page 142)

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper

I. Intro paragraph a. Hook: In the Irish American community of Brooklyn in the 1900’s, immigrants faced discrimination and crushing poverty b. In the world that Betty Smith describes in â€Å"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn† however, this poverty is depicted as a kind of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francie’s father Johnny Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism.In the 1900’s, gender roles and social expectations of men and women were more rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within gender boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie and Johnny Nolan, Betty Smith reveals how often times immigrant women like Katie, who went against gender stereotypes, survived and grew from the hardships of poverty, while men like Johnny, who tried to fulfill their gender role, were defeated by it . II. 1ST Body paragraph a. In the beginning of the novel, he has found a job, but it is as a low paying waiter and unstable.Even so, he dresses with style, is handsome, and seems content being a singing waiter. He is able to bring home money to his wife, Katie. His daughter, Francie always helps him get his bow tie on and he calls her â€Å"pre-Madonna,† then she eagerly awaits his return with her brother Neely, for he always bring back treats like caviar and oysters. They are a happy family. However, Johnny loses his job and his family becomes more and more hungry, but he can’t help them. He can’t find another job i.In the early 1900’s, men were supposed to provide for their family, but as Johnny Nolan illustrates, this was hard for immigrant men. ii. Perhaps not being in control and not being able to bring home money to his family makes him feel like a waste and a failure, for as the story goes on, he drinks more and more until he dies of alcoholism. K atie tries to help her husband, â€Å"She told him it was a good thing, that suffering would harden him, would teach him such a lesson that he’d stop drinking. But poor Johnny just wouldn’t harden. † (P. 98) iii.Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the â€Å"breadwinner†, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot fulfill this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francie’s mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time; Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were expected to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii.Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Kati e rise to the challenge by being flexible. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, â€Å"Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. It’s growing out of sour earth. And it’s strong because its hard struggle to live is making it strong.My children will be strong that way. † IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, exemplify a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she eventually obtains a better life. She does not stay within her gender role of remaining in the house, but goes out to work. In contrast, Johnny is unable to be as flexible and his stubbornness in keeping within his gender role and his own idea of his responsibility to his family eventually destroys him ii.Betty Smith does not judge Johnny in her novel, but rather portrays him as a sympathetic and highly likeable, but he is a conflicted and ultimately tragic character. V. Conclusion paragraph a. In the patriarchal society of the early 1900’s that Betty Smith describes in her book â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn†, it would seem logical if women did not fair as well as men in times of difficulty. After all women had fewer rights. They could not vote or get the same wages as men i. By going against gender stereotypes, Katie is able to persevere and overcome poverty, while her husband, Johnny Nolan, who tries to follow them, is defeated iii.In 2012 many women have broken gender boundaries; Hilary Clinton is Secretary of state, Lady Gaga and Beyonce are millionaires and international pop stars. Men too have broken out of gender stereotypes for it is socially acceptable for men to work at home and even earn less than women. In â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, â€Å" however, Betty Smith captures a world, gone now, in which strict gender roles defined a person’s life. But for immigrants, trying to make a start in America, the need to adapt and go against these gender roles was critical.

Cross Cultural Management. Importance of Value Essay

Cross Cultural Management. Importance of Value - Essay Example Cross cultural management refers to a mechanism formulated to train people regarding the variations of practices, preferences, and culture in global business. With the lapse of time, diversity in practices, cultures, and preferences of consumers increase substantially, thereby increasing the need to bridge the communication gap by implementing cross cultural management. In management, cultural differences refer to varying taste, preferences, culture, likes and dislikes, ways of communications, norms, values, and beliefs of every culture. The objective of this paper is to examine the cultural variations in the light of scholarly articles as mentioned in two renowned models. An extensive study of Hofstede and Schwarts model will be done followed by a criticism of Hofstede model. These two models can be viewed in terms of how the business managers react to cross cultural management. The business managers face various sorts of cultural issues while performing their tasks e.g. workforce d iversity, language barriers, religious issues etc. Under these circumstances, it is highly effective for the business managers to understand these two cross cultural models and incorporate their effects in their organizational context. Importance of Value Hofstede and Schwartz have studies cross cultural values and their findings are in the subsequent parts of this section in order to gain acquaintance with importance of value and varying values in different culture. Hofstede Model Hofstede (1993) stated that when management theorists embark to other parts of the world, outside their own country, they encounter strange customers, beings, theories, organizing and disorganizing, immoral or old-fashioned ways of doing things. Some of them work but some of them fail to work. After gaining this experience, the traveler comes to home country and can use this experience advantageously. The purpose of the study of Hofstede (1993) was that all great ideas relating to management, politics, or science, have come from different parts of the world and have been enhanced by foreign influences. Hofstede (1993) examined the context of management from different parts of the world. Hofsetde (1993) reviewed the managerial culture of countries like Japan, France, China, Holland, Russia, Germany, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Hofstede (1993) stated that management is what is common among all countries but its context and meaning differ to a smaller or a larger extent from country to country. Hofstede (1993) further stated that it requires considerable cultural insight to understand the philosophies, processes, and problems. Further arguing, Hofstede (1993) stated that if management is such a broad word and it means so many varying things, then it cannot be expected that management theories of one country will be applicable to abroad as well. Management is related to government, politics, and school. It is present in beliefs and religion about science. Manag ement theories are interdisciplinary but as soon as national boundaries are crossed, it becomes more interdisciplinary. By stating so, Hofstede (1993) divided cultural difference into five dimensions. i. Power distance; inequality among people that is considered as normal among people ii. Individualism vs. collectivism; degree to which people of a country tend to act as individuals instead of a members of a group iii. Masculinity vs. femininity; where tough values like performance, assertiveness, success prevail over gentle values such warm relation, care, quality of life. iv. Uncertainty avoidance; people preferring planned situation over unstructured ones. v. Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation; long-term refers to values

Does Class Really Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Class Really Matter - Essay Example Class and money are intertwined since money plays a major role in the identification of a class. This identification, however, is not accurate as the value of humans is equated with money. For instance, the public identifies members of a class by weighing their worth in terms of income and monetary possessions. As much as we would like to shun the class system, the fact remains that it exists and has continued to manifest its effects upon each American who holds the vision of living the American dream. There are various levels of stratification, with a general upper, middle and lower classes. Thus, individuals are limited to interaction within their classes meaning chances of cross-class associations are very thin. This same class segregation has been applied in housing and neighborhoods where each residential zone belongs are occupied by members of the same class. Such has led to a segregated society with less sense of community and togetherness as the classes do not help each other. This segregation as we have learned is called classism. According to Classism.org, classism is the assigning individuals characteristics systematically based on their ability and worth leading to social classes and differential treatments (Classism.org). Classism has a great effect on how individuals view themselves, for example, those of lower social class perceive themselves as less fortunate and without any worth to the society. Another aspect the affects people’s perception of themselves a nd others is the nature of the job. For instance, people with jobs of higher status not only earn respect from the society, but also gain self-respect and high self-esteem. Such jobs are also bound to make one happier because of better living standards. It is evident that we, Americans, have come a long way in capitalism. Our culture likes ranking persons in orders of ‘significance’, and our culture enables these classified ‘significant’ individuals flaunt about what

Male and female psychology ( similarities and differencess between Essay

Male and female psychology ( similarities and differencess between them ) - Essay Example For example, it is often maintained that the females are more perceptive than males and they can understands social situations much better that what males can. Therefore, the psychological differences between men and women offer a significant area of analysis and understanding the various similarities and differences between male and female psychology can help one in developing successful relationship with the opposite sex. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the similarities and differences between male and female psychology in order determine some of the basic aspects in the psychological construction of each sex. Male and female psychology has various elements in common, although the differences between these gender identities are often stressed. Gender identity is fundamentally created by the difference between male and female psychology and biological aspects. In comparison with males, the females have a greater ability to pick up on social cues and they understand social situations better. An understanding of the communication styles of both the sexes reveals the difference between the emotional aspects of the two groups. â€Å"In course of socialization, communication and relationships become more important for women, as compared to men. Gender differences in the amount of communication and stronger orientation of women towards interpersonal communication have been described. Girls are reported to be more relaxed in their communication with boys than vice versa. Moreover, they communicate more passively, but tend to be more friendly and selective.† (Vasyura, 2008). Therefore, the emotional aspects of men and women differ greatly and the gender identity of each sex is determined also by these psychological differences. In conclusion, a reflective exploration of the similarities and differences between male and female psychology confirms that the differences result in the gender identity of each sex. An understanding of these similarities and

Problem Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Problem Organization - Essay Example This paper hereby describes the historical context of CBHF referring to its vision and mission along with various other factors to assess the actual problem inherent to its discontinuation suggesting remedial measures which could have assisted in neglecting such a consequence. Introduction Clinton Bush Haiti Fund (CBHF), which was established as a non-profit organization to rescue the victims of 2010 earthquake in Haiti, was on a verge of closing down its operations on December 31, 2012. The reason behind closing the organization of CBHF Bush Haiti Fund was reported to be the insufficiency of adequate funds for the development of individuals in the socio-demographic region of Haiti. It has also been observed that there is further requirement of nation building in the regions of Haiti; however, an insignificant numbers of members are observed to be interested in providing hard work for the organization. In addition, the inadequacy of funds that had been raised for the development of t he region and to execute other necessary operations of the non-profit organization can also be regarded as a threat to the sustenance of CBHF. Owing to its deteriorating financial stance, the organization also had to face bankruptcy risks which again caused severe threat to its existence and effectiveness or success in delivering the intended facilities to the community people in Haiti (Daniel, 2012). To make the matter worse, the organization has been disregarded to be eligible to acquire funds in terms of donations from its stakeholders since 31st December, 2012 thus contributing towards its financially deteriorating health (Foundation Center, 2013). Moreover, the organizational members were heavily criticized for inefficiency in providing effective decisions for the betterment of Haiti people in the society along with lacking any report for substantial progress which accumulatively caused the problems for CBHF (Weisbrot, 2013). With reference to this case example, the paper inten ds to discuss on the history, outcomes, law in practice, and solutions for the problems witnessed by CBHF. The paper also discusses on ethical issues of the organization providing rational recommendations for future avoidance of such problems. History CBHF is a non-profit organization established in the year 2010, with a vision and mission to assist the population in Haiti and therefore contributing towards building the country in a better way. As per its norms being a non-profit organization, CBHF has been utilizing the donation gathered through grants, loans and investments in equity for promotion of growth of job along with sustainable development of the entire economy. On its establishment, the organization envisioned towards fostering diversity and competitiveness of the economy of Haiti with the support of prevalent nonprofit organizations and focusing on partnering with profit entities (Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, 2010). Mission The mission of the organization had been to delive r consistent assistance to the people living in the society of Haiti in deprivation of adequate basic amenities. Moreover, promotion of economic opportunities was also considered as an important mission of the organization (Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, 2010). Key Individuals The key individuals, associated with the organization since its establishment, were reported to be the two former US Presidents, Mr. Bill

Collage and photomontage and hanna hoch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Collage and photomontage and hanna hoch - Essay Example By understanding the historical context of Modern art, it is possible to trace how Hanna Hoch developed her own artistic approach and made her ideas known. An analysis of one of her artworks demonstrates the ideas she was attempting to convey. This investigation further illustrates how Hoch’s artwork served to influence future artists who also used the medium of photomontage and collage to convey their ideas. Because of Hoch, this particular artistic approach took on a greater cultural and social importance because of the way in which it directly spoke to the major political issues of the day, focusing upon the major hopes and aspirations of the community as Germany underwent profound political change in a short space of time. Although Hoch’s artwork was little understood at the time in which she was working, later audiences who were much more informed regarding the artistic theories and ideas being expressed and not as influenced by the fear of Jewish inferiority and i nsanity were more able to appreciate the intelligence and sensitivity this artist portrays within her work. Because of this, Hoch was able to inspire numerous other artists working with the medium to continue exploring the political issues of the day by placing images in similar unusual juxtaposition. Thus, the following paper attempts to demonstrate how Hanna Hoch’s artwork grew out of the social and political climate of her time, illustrate how it became a unique expression of her thoughts and ideas and then trace these ideas as they influenced further artists into the future. Understanding an individual’s artwork as well as their influence on future artists is often more difficult than one might at first imagine. Before artwork such as that created by Hanna Hoch can be fully appreciated, one must have some idea of the artistic theories the artist was building off of, such as the Modernist

Concepts and Problems in Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concepts and Problems in Macroeconomics - Essay Example Japan is a consumer society where consumer spending fuels the economy. Analyzing the relationship between consumer confidence, GDP, and unemployment can give some insight into how closely perceptions are aligned with reality. Figure 1 indicates the relationship between the GDP and confidence levels. Both employment confidence and consumer confidence are closely related. However, the Figure 1 (Data from Worsley 2007) confidence levels trail the change in GDP by 12 months. The GDP bottomed out in 2002, but confidence did not hit a minimum until 2003. Likewise, the decline in 2005 did not impact confidence levels until the middle of 2006 when employment confidence fell and consumer confidence flattened out. Figure 2 shows the relationship between relationship between GDP and real unemployment. The steep rise in GDP between 2002- 2004 precipitated a Figure 2 (Data from Japan: Unemployment rate 2007) steady decline in the real unemployment rate beginning in 2003 and continuing through 2006. The Japanese public is keenly aware of the unemployment rate and is reflected in their spending confidence. The public's real measure of economic health is employment and trails the change in GDP by 12-24 months. Predicting consumer confid... By monitoring the GDP, Japan can expect the unemployment rate to follow the same trend in a period of 12-24 months later. Confidence levels, both consumer and employment, will track the unemployment rate directly. Investors can take advantage of this situation by preparing for an upturn in spending 12-24 months after the GDP begins to move upward. GDP 1. 1. Calculate real GDP for 2005 and 2006 using 2005 prices. By what percent did real GDP grow 2005 GDP = (90*18) + (180*100) = 1620 + 18000 = $19,620 2006 GDP @ 2005 prices = (100 *18) + (190*100) = 1800+19000 = $20,800 GDP Growth = (20,800 - 19620) / 19620 = .0601 = 6.01% 2. Calculate the value of the price index for GDP for 2006 using 2005 as the base year. By what percent did prices increase (90*20) + (180*110) = 1800 + 19800 = $21,600 PI = (21600 - 19620) / 19620 = 1980 / 19620 = .1009 = 10.09% 3. Now calculate real GDP for 2005 and 2006 using 2006 prices. By what percent did real GDP grow GDP 2005 @ 2006 prices = $21,600 GDP 2006 = (100*20)+(190*110) = 2000+20900= 22,900 Growth = (22900 - 21600) / 21600 = 1300/21600 = .0601 = 6.01% 4. Review the GDP information for the past few years from the Bureau of Economic Analysis's Website. Provide a brief summary of the GDP trends over that timeframe and discuss two or three events which may have caused these trends. GDP has generally steadily risen in recent history. It stagnated in the early 70s due the oil embargo. Since Q2 in 2001, the GDP has risen every quarter except Q3 in 2001. This was probably a result of 9/11. The GDP had recovered by Q1 of 2002 and has had steady growth through this period of deficit spending. Hong Kong and

Quantitative Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Analysis - Research Paper Example It consists of three parts (Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran, Fry, and Ohlmann, 2010): Arrival or input to the system Waiting line The service facility An operations manager must make a trade of between the cost of providing good service and the cost of customer wait time or machine time. The most preferable arrangement for a manager would be that the queues are short enough that they do not annoy a customer. However, an operations manager would tolerate some waiting time if it leads to a significant savings in service costs. An operations manager can evaluate a service facility by looking at the total expected cost. The total cost is the sum of expected service cost plus expected waiting cost. A service cost will increase as the firm tries to increase the level of its services. Managers can have standby personnel who can be assigned to a service station to short the length of the queue. Waiting cost is a reflection of the workers lost productivity and the cost of losing a customer as a result of poor service or long queue. In some service systems this cost of waiting line can be intolerably high. The fundamental advantage of using a waiting line model is that it helps a manager to find out discrepancies in service systems and take measures to eradicate them. Thereby, making the service system efficient and customers satisfied. Example: MacDonald’s can make use of the knowledge from this theory. The service system of MacDonald’s consists of customer queues and billing counters. The floor manager needs to decide the number of billing counters it would keep open at a given time. He needs to forecast the customer arrival rate at a given time and match it with the number of open billing counters. In this way he would ensure that optimal counters are functioning to service customers. The aim behind this initiative is to minimize service time and customer waiting time. Mathematical Example: Current waiting cost/service= (1/4 min waiting) ($60/ min) =$15/service New System: ?= 8 customers/min arriving ?= 12 customers/min served Av waiting time in queue=Wq= ?/2? (?-?) =8/2(12) (12-8) =1/12min Waiting cost/trip= (1/12 min wait) ($60/min cost) =$5/trip Savings with more counters=$15(current system)-$5(new system) =$10/trip Cost of more counters=$3/trip Net Saving=$7/trip Constant Service-Time Model: Service systems having constant rather than exponential service time distribution are called Constant Service-Time Model. When customers or equipment are processed according to a fixed cycle, constant service times are suitable. Since the constant rates are fixed, therefore the values of Lq, Wq, Ls and Ws would be always less than single channel model (Anderson et al., 2010). Simulation: Simulation is the attempt to duplicate the features, appearance and characteristics of a real system. This method helps a manager to define the operating characteristics of a system; thereby putting him in a better position to draw conclusions and make decisions based on the simulated models (Anderson et al., 2010). Benefits of Simulation: There are multiple reasons why this tool has become the most widely accepted tool by managers. Amongst these reasons are following: The tool is flexible and easy to use. It can be used to analyze complex real world situations. Time compression, meaning that the effects of operations policies during a particular time period can be obtained in a short time.

PROBLEMS WITH THE PAROLE AND PROBATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES Research Paper

PROBLEMS WITH THE PAROLE AND PROBATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES - Research Paper Example This specific problem is one which can be attributed to the system with the probation programs because of the inability to meet the needs of those that are adjusting back into society. Problem within Probation Programs The criminal offender conduct is the main concept that is focused on with probation programs. Those who are working with criminals who have just been released from prison are focused on changing mannerisms and ensuring that the prisoner is able to work within society as a citizen. Getting steady employment, staying away from further crime and developing new habits within society are some of the associated concepts that are a part of probation programs. Supervising those individuals and working with counseling programs are also some of the attributes that are a part of probation programs. However, there is a noticeable re-entry crisis that occurs among criminals. The inability to change the focus out of the habits from past crimes and the inability to provide criminals with the ability to move into a completely correctional system are causing many criminals to go through probation periods then move back into the same crimes as in the past (Johnson et al, 2006). The problem with those who are in parole systems is one which is showing a high return rate that is not decreasing with the systems that are in place. In 2006, an average of 35% of all inmates returned to prison during or after the probation period. This was a result of parole violations, as opposed to new crimes that were committed. The state of California held the highest of parole violations, which was inclusive of two-thirds of inmates returning to prison because of the same violations. The problems with probation include the first problem of too many inmates being supervised with too little supervision. In 2006, 4 million offenders were placed into probation. The officers were primarily responsible for the movement back into society with other court orders that were associated with thi s. It was found that the restrictions with probation, such as not being able to find employment because of a criminal record, led to many being forced into breaking the probation rules to try to integrate into society (Lawrence, 2008). The parole systems, while known to assist with the integration back into society, are causing the reverse problem to occur. Those who are within the system and are going through parole are aware that there is difficulty in getting past probation systems and staying in society. There are many who have created the mentality that they will go back into prison during their probation period, adding in a psychological response to the known statistics and rates of those who are going in and out of the justice system. Those who are going back into prison work as an example of the difficulties within the probation and parole system, making the trend arise among those who are a part of the probation system and which are trying to work back into an integrated so ciety. The psychological responses, trends and the large amount of criminals that go back into prison add into the complexity of those who are going through the parole system (Johnson et al, 2006). Theories of Criminal Justice Practice There are several theories that apply to the criminal justice practice and the way in which individuals integrate into society. Historically, those who had committed a crime were only required to serve

Annotated Review of Literature Essay Example for Free

Annotated Review of Literature Essay Annotated Review of Literature to Support how Differentiated Instruction Workshops can Improve Instruction Hawkins, V. (2009). Barriers to implementing differentiation: Lack of confidence, efficacy and perseverance. The New England Reading Association Journal, 44(2), 11-16. Retrieved from Education Full Text database. Annotation: In this article, Hawkins exposes three major reasons why implementing differentiated instruction (DI) if a difficult task for most teachers. Hawkins states that districts advocate for professional development of DI as a reactive response to current data trends in education. The goal of this article is to provide classroom teachers with the necessary skills to be able to implement DI into their curriculum. The researcher found that a lack of teacher confidence, lack of teacher efficacy, and a lack of perseverance are three factors in which teachers most often struggle with when trying to differentiate lessons. Support for Project: This article gives important information for teachers on how to overcome the barriers of implementing effective DI into their curriculum. So many of us face the same problems when trying to differentiate our lessons, therefore, it is important for teachers to understand how to overcome these barriers and also to understand that they are not alone in this daunting task. Hawkins goes on to describe each barrier in detail to help teachers overcome them so they can become effective DI instructors. Tomlinson, Carol Ann. Carol Ann Tomlinson explains how differentiated instruction works and why we need it now. Making A Difference, September 2007. Annotation: In this article, Carol Ann Tomlinson, who is a leader in the field of education on Differentiated Instruction, explains what DI is, why it is so important in education today, as well as in the future, and the characteristics of an effective differentiated classroom. Tomlinson also reviews some key points that teachers need to think about when developing a differentiated lesson plan. The researcher goes on to explain that the reason DI is so important is that students vary in so many ways, and our student populations are becoming more and more academically diverse. Support for Project: This article is important for my project because the researcher explains how to deal with student differences. Today’s classrooms are so diverse and teachers need to know how to deal with these differences on a daily basis. Tomlinson states that there are three ways to deal with differences: ignore them, separate or â€Å"track† them, or keep students together in the context of high-quality curriculum (differentiated instruction). Obviously the third one should be the way to go, but unfortunately, it is the road least traveled. This article also describes the characteristics of a well-run DI classroom and what teachers need to do in order to be successful when creating differentiated lessons to improve instruction. Tomlinson, C. (2005). Traveling the road to differentiation in staff development. Journal of Staff Development, 26(4), 8-12. Retrieved from Education Full Text database. Annotation: In this article, Tomlinson explains how teacher leaders can help educators hurdle four key barriers teachers face when trying to implement DI into their classrooms. The researcher describes the need for DI in the United States education system and also reviews six strategies of effective differentiation. Tomlinson goes over current research findings about student achievement and differentiation in response to readiness, interest, and learning profiles. Support for Project: This article is important for my project because when trying to convince educators to change their way of thinking and pedagogical practices, you must have solid evidence that the new practice; in this case, DI, will work. This article goes over the latest research findings to support DI and it also gives effective strategies for implementing DI practices as well as ways to overcome barriers of incorporating DI into the curriculum. The goal of my project is to design a workshop to inform educators about differentiated instruction; what it is, why we need it, what effective DI practices look like, what the keys aspects of DI are, how to overcome the barriers of DI, and what the current research of DI is. This article does a good job of reviewing these topics. Wormeli, R. (2007). Differentiation: From planning to practice grades 6-12. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Annotation: In this book, Wormeli provides a practical way for teachers to create a differentiated lesson from start to finish. He walks educators through the lesson, giving details on what steps to take before, during, and after to make deep connections for students. He gives effective strategies and advice on how to reach â€Å"all† learners within one classroom. Wormeli presents models of effective differentiated instruction, so that teachers can extend what they learn to any subject and any classroom. Support for Project: When creating a workshop for educators on differentiation, it is important to include models of instruction for teachers to reflect upon and use as examples for the future. That is just what this book does. Wormeli gives annotated models of effective differentiated instruction, such as tiering, flexible grouping, how to make adjustments based on formative assessments, and interdisciplinary examples for teachers to learn how to do. Once educators feel comfortable using these strategies, they can extend these procedures throughout their careers.

Preparedness Of Governments In Natural Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

Preparedness Of Governments In Natural Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay Normal adjustments of the earth is hazardous to human. Internal and external process of the earth causes natural hazard that destroy human life and property. Natural hazards includes earthquakes, volcanoes, flood, drought, solar flare and asteroids impacts. Manmade emergenciess are caused due to human malpractices like bomb blasts, but the victims are always innocent people. The purpose of conducting the study is to analyses the nature of emergenciess happened in every now or then across the globe. The research objectives are documenting the effects of natural and human induced emergenciess in developed and developing countries and the preparedness by government of such countries. A methodology to produce forecasts of possible loss (of human life and property) caused by different emergenciess, in order to establish the cost-benefit of alternatives and ensure successful emergency preparedness policies and adequate economic resource allocation. McEntire et al.(2003a) had given several interrelated concern in theoretical developments in the field of emergency preparedness like definition of emergency , emergency management ,the variables that should be studied in acedemic research and the actors that should be employed in such studies along with the phases that require priority . so the theoritical aspects must retain: The findings from prior research in this field , continue to search for a acceptd definition of emergency. Seek an alternative name for the field of emergency management(like emergencies management, risk management , sustainable hazard management or emergenciesvulnerable management). Emergency management must also acknowledge all types of hazardsLike natural, technological or civil Establish a multi casual view about emergencies and complexity associated with it so that large number of variables can be studied Involvement of each and every factor associated with emergency wheather it is public, private or non profit sector Maintaining a reliance on the phase of emergencies i.e mitigation, preparedness, response or recovery Integrate research from each of the contributing discipline like haard and vulnerability analysis, land use planning, planning, training, exercising, community education, grant acquisition, budgeting and sheltering To reduce the effects of emergenciess, governments of every country incorporating various technologies that has developed now days.These technologies helps in finding places where emergencies can take place and with proper management and planning efforts are made to stop that emergencies before it happen or to reduce the vulnerability of such emergenciess.As this aspect is very closely related to people it require proper planning and effectiveness of government. For achieving the goal of making country emergencies free ;emergencies management has come in the scene. Planning for emergencies provides a mechanism for the functioning of various agencies for the management of natural and technological emergencies (Moin 2007). It provides a policy framework and outline for the action according to the type , nature and complexity of emergency . It develop a mechanism for determining roles and responsibilities of agencies at every level whether it is national, state or local(Moin 2007b). A s tandard operational procedure (SOP) is stated for all departments involves in emergency preparedness. Emergencies: Meaning, Nature and Scope Emergenciess and vulnerabilities includes various types so it is a vast topic of study .not only the whole world but also the universe is the span of area in which any type of emergencies can occur. Researchers and scientist of different fields are focusing on their particular area of study. They spread their knowledge and finding with others time to time to reduce these emergencies to happen. Their study and researches helps would-be victims on time through political and social groups. About emergenciess researchers with their own knowledge, past facts, figures, findings, experiments, surveys, discoveries create a new fact and findings and inform to different parts of world. A necessary knowledge of all emergenciess that happened in the past and their probable causes is essential to develop a theoretical framework of study and finding solutions of the problem under research. Emergencies is the group of two words dis means Bad and aster means Star. The word has roots from astrology which means that when the stars are in a bad position a bad event will happen. According to Encyclopedia Britannica emergencies means a natural and manmade hazard that negatively affects society or environment. According to IFRCRCS on an average every years the world is facing 220 calamities among which 70 are technological emergencies, and in a general survey we see each day 2 or 3 emergencies in emergency phase, 15-20 in their recovery phase almost dozen in progress. Emergencies are now very common feature of human life extreme events can happen any time. (Jeffery 1981) The definition given by Quarantille in his book (what is emergencies by Quarantille 1984) is varied and detailed and can be inferred as emergencies are social in character. Another researcher Gilbert defines it as a state of uncertainty. Fritz(1961)interpreted it as a state in which social life get disturbed become dysfunctional to a greater extent . Here the discussion on the topic arises that whether emergencies studies are art or science as sociologist define emergencies in social, economic, cultural aspects where geophysical scientist engineers give different perspectives of emergencies Classification of emergencies: 1) Potential: Emergencies which are Armed, it is a situation where the hazard is in the position to affect persons, property or environment. This type of hazard requires risk assessment at proper time. Active: hazard is certain to cause harm, as no intervention is possible before the incident occurs. 3) Mitigated: potential hazard that has been identified, but actions have been taken in order to ensure it does not become an incident. This may not be an absolute guarantee of no risk. Emergencies on land surface Earthquake: Sudden disturbances in the plates of earth surfaces is called earthquake. Lahar: It is a natural emergencies in which volcanic eruption releases vast amount of mud, rock and ash at a rapid pace that destroy entire towns in seconds. Landslide and mudflows Landslides caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions when heavy rainfalls causes loose soil or steep terrain to collapse and slide downwards called mudslides. It is mostly found in California. Sinkholes:A localized depression in the surface topography, usually caused by the collapse of a subterranean structure, such as cave. Large sinkholes that develop suddenly in populated areas can lead to the collapse of buildings and other structures. Hydrological Flood: Water bodies overflow due Prolonged rainfall ,rapid melting of snow that causes heavy damage to nearby areas , destructing manmade dams . 2. Liminic eruptions: It is a rare type of natural emergencies in which CO2 suddenly erupts from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. 3. Seiche: It is a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water like lakes, reservoirs, bays and seas causes heavy destruction. 4. Tsunami: A tsunami is a wave of water caused by the displacement of a body of water. The word comes from Japanese word meaning harbor and wave. Tsunami can be caused by undersea earthquakes as in the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, or by landslides such as the one which occurred at Lituya Bay, Alaska. Metrotsunami are caused by Climatic 1. Blizzard: A severe winter storm condition characterized by low temperature, strong winds, and heavy blowing snow. 2. Drought: An abnormally dry period when there is not enough water to support agricultural, urban or environmentalwater needs. 3. Hailstorm: A hailstorm is a natural emergencies where a thunderstorm produces numerous hailstorms which damage the location in which they fall.hailstorm is devastating to farm fields , ruining crops and damaging equipmaents. 4. Heat wave: A heat wave is a emergencies characterized by heat which is considered extreme and unusual in the area in which it occurs. Heat waves are rare and require specific combinations of weather events to take place, and may include temperature, katabatic winds, or other phenomena. The worst heat wave in recent history was the European heat wave of 2003. There is also the potential for longer term events causing global warming, considered as the opposite to glacial ice age events, or through human induced climatic warming. 5. Hurricanes, Typhoons and tropical cyclones: A cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. it is caused evaporated water that comes off of the ocean and becomes a storm. The Coriolis Effect causes the storms to spin, and a hurricane is declared when this spinning mass of storms attains a wind speed of 100km/hr. 6. Ice Age: An ice age is a geologic period, but could also be viewed in the light of catastrophic natural emergencies, since in an ice age, the climate all over the world would change and places which were once considered habitable would then be too cold to permanently inhabit. A side effect of an ice age could possibly be a famine caused by world wide drought. 7. Tornado: A tornado are violent, rotating columns of air which can blow at speeds between 50 and 300 mph, and possibly higher. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large tornado outbreak in other large areas of thunderstorm development. Waterspouts are tornadoes occurring over tropical watersin light rain condition. Fire 1. Wildfire: An uncontrollable fire burning in wild land areas. Common causes include lightening and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or arson. They can be a threat to those in rural areas and also wildlife. Health and diseases 1. Epidemic: An outbreak of contractible disease that spreads at a rapid rate through a human population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global. There have been many epidemics throughout history like swine flu. 2. Famine: A social and economic crisis causes widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic disease and increased mortality. Although some famines occur aggravated by natural factors, it can and often is a result of economic or military policy that deprives people of the food that they require to survive. Space 1. Impact event: An impact event is a natural emergencies in which an extraterrestrial piece of rock or other material collides with the Earth. The exact consequences of a direct Earth impact would vary greatly with size of the colliding object, although in cases of medium to large. 2. Solar flare: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. It is theorized that these releases of radiation could cause a widespread failure of communications technology across the globe. The exact implications of such a failure are unknown. Other type of emergencies is unintended unplanned because of failure to recognize the emergencies on time plan to rescue. Research in the field of emergency preparedness is process rather than a outcome (Wisner et al. 2002). Dynes et al.(1978) describe it as a social pathology. The dynamics of research related to emergency preparedness exposes the reality of rehabilitation activities that started after any emergency. The concept of emergency preparedness emphasizes on creating places which are less vulnerable to natural and technological hazards and that are resilient to any risk (Mileti et al.1990). Sustainable hazards mitigation consists of 5 elements: environmental quality, quality of life , emergency resilience economic vitality and inter and intra -generational equity(Ronan et al.2006:91). For sustainable development of country; the public risk management schemes should work with communities . Risk reduction and mitigation are the core elements of emergency preparedness by governments . Emergency preparedness is a process of preparation before the occurrence of any emergency (e.g emergency evacuation, quarantine or mass removal of contaminants )(Quarantilli,1980). Emergency preparedness is aiming to develop preventive methods , management platforms and collision reduction in policies and practices . it can be separated in 4 groups namely Preparedness(prevention and recovery planning) Response(action before and during the emergency) Recovery(action taken after the hazard takes place) Mitigation(continuous action)(Godschalk,1991:142) Authorities elected for accomplishing the above task are best positioned to execute the planning process ;activities at individual, group or community level affects each others level but the one sided or the government response in emergency preparedness should be very effective as the matter is closely related to the security measures which is the prime responsibility of government. An efficient emergency preparedness relies on officials integrity that include honesty, sincerity, punctuality, justice, fairness, truthfulness along with their expertise, systematic knowledge and self control . Problem statement Preparedness for emergencies can be tested only in realistic environment where the integration, stamina and restorative powers of large scale system can be checked. The research will tackle two very important problems hampering the reduction of emergencies losses in developing countries: The lack of economically and rapidly produced inputs for risk (damage) assessment, preventing the cost-benefit implications of emergencies mitigation and prevention measures to be assessed. The lack of clarity related to the integration of risk assessments into the planning and management process. This research indirectly explores theme issues in emergency preparedness such as cultural attitude of people about constructions and development, political willingness to conduct project for peoples welfare, dangerous locations of constructions (Quarantelli et al. 1977); as it is Govt responsibility to systematically analyse risk related to the type of hazard, possible time, and a its planning to rescue people from potential emergency. Physical and social scientist have different answers of these questions sociologist find answers in the form , functions and mutation of social system ;where engineers have a rough , intuitive idea of physical forces like earthquakes ,explosions, crashes that require to cause heavy disruptions in social system. Their advice is often emphasizing on policy formulations whereas social scientist predict the consequences on human being. Although their methodologies are different to work on emergencies they work with common objectives and try to find solution to the problem and well being of people.Emergencies management like all other sociological and humanities subjects deals with people, their well being, growth. It focuses on making civil lives secure and safe. Emergency preparedness is a subject of arts as well as science: So far emergencies is defined mostly by sociologist economist. Emergencies phenomenon is multi aspect and the social economical conditions of world are changing continuously so parameters of defining emergencies are also changing. As the time changing it is now including other streams also like geophysical engineering, geography, anthropology, sociology, developmental studies, health science, social psychology. Emergency preparedness and role of governments National government is expected to take prior action for every possible emergency. There are several reasons to focus on government reactions on emergency preparedness: Government is responsible for implementing government policies (perry et al.1984) Government is most trusted body elected by people (Herman 1982) Transition of power from federal to local government (May , 1985) The comprehensive plans of emergency preparedness make it easy for all parties to co-operate with the federal , state and local governments.(Cigler , 1987) Governments has close involvement with hazards , as they control many effective tools to reduce vulnerability to hazards such as land use regulations and building codes enforcement(Prater,2000). Local government has more involvement along with armed forces on the social responsibility of state government. The governments willingness and capacity to meet new expectation is often lacking. Intergovernmental problems causes failure in implementation of plans (Cigler, 1987). Lack of investment in preparedness and response capabilities become quickly obvious at the time of an emergency (Davis, 2007). The dilemma of credibility and government commitment in deciding the best model to reconstruct infrastructure is one of the most challenging. (Davis 2007).Local government usually pays less attention to issues based on assumption that emergencies occurs rarely. Local government assumes that their responsibility in emergencies relief are limited like providing road repair or crime prevention. T he concept of preparedness planning is subsequently lost(ICMA 2003). The government should aware of the principle in any emergency that occurred on the crucial participation of affected communities ,how to provide income generation, rebuild social support networks, activities essential for maintaining cultural identities and reviving and conserving the often protective but vulnerable ecosystem(Johnston et al. 2001) The major concern is how to involve local people in preparations management of emergency situations. Each citizen should aware about public safety rights. One major inference that can be drawn from the history of emergencies that natural emergencies are happening from the day earth evolved but man made emergencies are born in 21st century. Some threats are perpetuated over time and across space creating a emergencies culture replete with unsustainable practices. Other like human induced threat like terrorism are equally complex as they are equally challenging to detect on time, warning response due to their adaptive nature means if terrorist detected they immediately change their target, location ,method of delivery or scale of attack. In such situation it is very difficult to access all the points of vulnerability even by modern technology. Research objectives Enlisting of probable natural and manmade emergenciess by analyze statistics related to emergencies. To find the root causes of emergenciess and Suggesting finding new methods, measures technologies so that root causes can be eliminated or reduced. To develop a methodology for providing timely and economically feasible inputs for assessing the emergencies that are risky to people and assets. To establish how to effectively incorporate risk assessment into the process of strategy formulation, with particular emphasis on its contribution to establishing the cost-benefit of mitigation measures. Obtaining inputs from National Emergencies Management Agency/other national /state institutes. Risk and vulnerability mapping. To evaluate the use of GIS as a tool for Data storage and integration interoperability. Identification of stakeholders convening meeting of stake holders. Exploring Technological and managerial methodologies for effective working of emergency preparedness cell to forecast emergencies rescue people in post emergencies period. Developing training information system features to increase people participation during such emergencies. Finding causes of failure of emergencies management network in some cases. Inter linkage of developmental programmes with emergency preparedness programmes. Evolving legal framework for emergencies mitigation. Coordination with civil society organization, corporates, etc. Media management plans. Emergencies are not equally distributed among all locations and social groups or we can easily infer after seeing the history of geographically distributed map of world that countries which are less developing in terms of economy are more threatened by natural emergencies in comparison to developed one. One reason may be that due to advance machinery, science, technology and fund sources natural emergencies are mitigated on proper time. Developed countries in present era are suffering from man made emergencies like terrorism, although developing countries are not away from such emergencies .but in developed countries such emergencies cause heavy to very heavy destruction to property and infrastructure that even shake the whole world in a minute where in developing countries mostly bomb blast are the common method of spreading terrorism which mainly causes loss of human life. For government, NGOs and local people some factors related to emergencies safety should be illustrated properly: Identification of risk or emergencies: every person concern should be aware about the risk associated with the area they exist whether it is residential or workplace. Then the root cause behind the risk. Why that risk can occur any time should be clear to every body associated. Decision making ability during emergencies: this can be achieved through training and simulation process. All that have threat of emergencies should know what to do when emergencies occur so minimum loss they suffer. Perception behavioural linkage: role of fear, emotions, trust, personal responsibility altruism in risk perception risk sharing emergencies response. Emergence convergence: role of emergent technologies, organizations, social groups in anticipatory planning for and response to emergencies, role of convergence in response and conditions that support adaptive behaviour during crisis. Universality replication: Through localized case studies after event analyses broader generalization of human response to environmental threats unexpected events are concluded. Thesis organisation The thesis is divided into six chapters: First Chapter describes the purpose of the study, the main problem to be addressed, the research objectives and the reasoning behind the selection of the case study. In terms of the purpose, the effects of natural and human induced emergenciess in developing and developed countries are documented. It addresses the need to produce forecasts of possible loss attributable to the different hazardous events that could take place, and their use for establishing the cost-benefit of alternatives to ensure successful urban policies and adequate economic resource allocation. Second Chapter, a general literature review is presented. The chapter begins with a review of the calls made by the various international organisations dealing with emergencies and issues on the subject of emergencies mitigation planning. The second part of this chapter presents studies conducted in this area and then the scope for improvent for better decision-making process in emergencies-prone areas should include Third Chapter explains Indian scenerio of emergency preparedness in terms of bye-lawa , policies and strategies. A set of guidelines for early warning sysrtem, mitigation, prevention and preparedness is documented. Four Chapter is devoted to reviewing current views and methodologies for population and building vulnerability and risk determination for emergenciess.A description of the methodology that will be utilized, as well as a description of the required data inputs The problems is analysed with proper datasets. Emergencies data collected and analysed across the Globe. Method of analysis is presented and approach adopted for emergencies management by government in developing and developed countries is described with risk modelling.The damage data to be used for testing the methodology in the case study will be described. Fifth Chapter presents 26th July 2005 flood in Mumbai city as a case of emergency preparedness by government of India and emergency preparedness policy is analysed and various relevant regulations are discussed. The stakeholders are identified and both their roles and responsibilities are analysed. Sixth Chapter has the results of the risk assessment and analyse the implications of these results for the formulation of planning, strategies and policies. The results of the research are presented along with recommendations for further research. Literature review Literature review Various researchers have worked on issues related to emergencies, hazards and risks etc. These issues are interdisciplinary and interdependent .In literature review chapter the objective is to know about their study and results they derived in this field. Efforts of institutions like United Nation and programmes launched in this field are also documented in this chapter. Samuel princes doctoral dissertation in 1920 , in which he invested the response to the 1917 Halifax shipping explosion , has had an enormous impact on emergency research (Scanlon, 1988;Scanlon et al. 2001). In 1942 the first theoretical research was done by Pitrim Sorokin in Man and society in calamity. Sorokin found a promising direction for resolving crisis in a calamity situation by developing integral knowledge and values culture into personal and collective action in social organistion (Ford et al. 1996) Classical notions were contributed by : Fritz in 1961 (restorative community: a collaborative effort with a mission to build the capacity and sustainability of organisations, initiatives and networks); Thompson et al. in 1962 (artificial community: accidentally come together for short time); Thompson et al. in 1962 (mass assault: a violent onset or attack on a community by physical means); Barton in 1969 (unselfish community: deliberate pursuit of the interests or welfare of others or the public interest); Taylor et al. in 1970 (the utopian community: an ideal community or society); Parr in 1970 (emergence: the act of emerging a disaster response structure); Bardo in 1978 (emergent behaviour: communities operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective). Meaning of disaster According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Disaster is the group of two words dis means Bad and aster means Star. This means disaster caused when stars comes in bad position. Disaster means a natural and manmade hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Jeffery 1981 Disasters are now very common feature of human life extreme events can happen any time. The definition given by Quarantille in his book (what is disaster by Quarantille 1984) is varied and detailed and can be inferred as disaster are social in character. Another researcher Gilbert defines it as a state of uncertainty. Fritz (1961) interpreted it as a state in which social life get disturbed Sociologist define disaster in social, economic, cultural aspects whereas geophysical scientist engineers give different perspectives of disasters According to  Leo Buscaglia Normal adjustments of earth are hazardous to human. Internal and external process of the earth causes natural hazard that destroy human, wildlife and property. Natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes, flood, drought, solar flare and asteroids impacts. On These two big forces, we have very little control over external forces. What really matters is the internal force. How do we respond to them? Centre for research on the Epidemiology of Disasters defines a disaster as a situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, need arises for national or international assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering. Studies conducted in this area The United Nations launched a study program to aware people to get prepared against emergencies. The study stated that: To increase the capacity to mitigate the emergencies of every country, with special attention being given to assisting developing countries in assessing disaster damage potential, and in establishing early warning systems and disaster-resistant structures. To apply scientific and technology for preparing strategies considering the cultural and economic diversity of the country. To encourage scientific and engineering endeavor aimed at addressing gaps in knowledge so that loss of life and assets get reduce. To spread latest and existing technical information related to measures for assessing, predicting and mitigating natural disasters. Transfer of technology, demonstration of projects, education and training, and to evaluate the effectiveness of those programmes is another important aspect of emergency preparedness. In 1994 the member countries of the United Nations launched a program for Strategy and action plan for a Safer World, which provided the guidelines for disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation. The Yokohama strategy emphasizes the following issues: Human and institutional capacity-building for quick response during disaster Compilation and sharing of information via networking at regional, national and international level Risk assessment as well as the monitoring and communication of forecasts should be done at appropriate time Sub-regional, regional and international cooperation is essential Efficient mobilization of resources is necessary United Nations initiatives and in the context of the American continent, the Organization of American States (OAS, 1991) has made a report stating: In the integrated development process projects for emergency preparedness is one of the priorities of governments. Policies for risk reduction in evaluating investment projects Expenditure for prevention activities relating to rehabilitation, relocation and reconstruction are increased. United Nations Disaster Relief Co-coordinator (1991) stressed that, To some extent, the task of government of hazard prone countries relates to gathering, processing and presenting data to allow a series of questions to be answered so that decision-makers can formulate successful strategies. United Nations definitions (1991) to explain how risk is assessed are provided and a summary is made regarding the disciplines concerned: H Rs Rt V v E Conceptual Flowchart of Risk Assessment Natural hazard (H) determination includes the estimation of the possibility of occurrence of a potential natural hazard. The disciplines concerned are earth and atmospheric science. Vulnerability (V) determination involves the estimation of the degree of loss suffered by a set of element at risk , caused because of occurrence of a emergency of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage). The disciplines concerned are human geography, construction engineering, etc. The Elements at risk (E) include the people, infrastructure, public services, other as

The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire In 'A Streetcar Named Desire' we focus on three main characters. One of these characters is a lady called Blanche. As the play progresses, we gradually get to know more about Blanche and the type of person she really is in contrast to the type of person that she would like everybody else to think she is. Using four main mediums, symbolism and imagery, Blanche's action when by herself, Blanche's past and her dialogue with others such as Mitch, Stanley and the paperboy, we can draw a number of conclusions about Blanche until the end of Scene Five. Using the fore mentioned mediums we can deter that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. The writer, Tennesse Williams uses symbolism and imagery to help convey the idea that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. We can clearly discover how deceptive Blanche is by the symbolism that Williams uses throughout the play. One can note how Blanche continually wears white dresses or a red kimono when she is being especially flirtatious, so that she makes people think that she is innocent and pure. In Scene Five Blanche's white dress, a symbol of purity is stained which is symbolic of the fact that Blanche if far from being pure. Blanche's world hinges on illusion and deception as can be seen when Blanche pours her heart out to Stella in scene five, "soft people... have got to be seductive... make a little - temporary magic". Blanche feels that she must trick and deceive in order to survive in a world where she is "fading now!" and her looks are leaving her. We are introduced to Blanche as a "delicate beauty" that "must avoid strong light". Williams, portr ays Blanche as an uncertain character who hides behind the veneer of outer beauty and who when is placed under the spotlight, fails to live up to the person she would like people to think that she is. Williams also provides strong imagery of her as a moth, as she is dressed in white clothes and is fluttering. This imagery of Blanche as a moth is further emphasised when Blanche herself later states, "put on soft colours, the colours of butterfly wings and glow".

Conrad: Blatant Racist Or Political Satirist? Essay -- Conrad Racism E

Conrad: Blatant Racist Or Political Satirist? There have been many critics, predominantly Chinua Achebe, that have cast a cloak of racism upon the back of Joseph Conrad. Those authors base these allegations upon the novel Heart of Darkness, calling it a vile and most ungodly novel that only seeks to set the black race as a footstool of the white race. However, one must realize that there is a much deeper meaning to the novel than that of blatant racism. It is, in fact, a connection with the past that shows both the mindset, as well as the ignorance, of those who colonized Africa in the late nineteenth century. The entire novel is a boxed narrative, thus we can see into what the storyteller truly feels about his own experience rather than an third person analysis of what the protagonist does. In this case, Charlie Marlow retells his story of how he encountered a force that could only be described as â€Å"The horror, the horror.† It is, indeed, a catharsis of sorts, but not only from Marlow, but for Conrad as well. After all, Conrad did partake in such an adventure as this before he became an author, therefore the reader must comprehend that these words are not only of the protagonist, if Marlow can be truly called that, but also of Conrad. The first example of Marlow’s opinion towards colonial Africa occurs when his ship passes a French man of war. The man of war is shelling the coast because the men claim there were â€Å"enemies† in the bushes. The ideals of the Company were geared more towards the pacification of the tribes as well as good commerce with them, yet in the midst of this goodwill, a war ship has come to â€Å"pacify† the natives. Conrad indicates a type of doublespeak within the doctrine of the Company for which Marlow works. The actions of imperialism that existed in the nineteenth century are more in tune what Marlow sees, rather than the doctrine of civilizing the tribes that he has heard. In this act, Conrad does display his satirical capabilities by showing the hypocritical mindset of Europe that existed through the span of more than 400 years. Perhaps the most recognized point of imperialism in the book is when Marlow reaches the Outer Station. He is surrounded by the natives who have been enlisted as slave labor. Around him are great holes, filled with broken machinery. This appears as â€Å"some inferno† to him, yet he soon comes face to f... ...ould have secretly longed to be a part of this world, this jungle, yet the bonds of imperialism and the promise of fortune have a yoke about his neck. Conrad was a master of prose as many critics admitted, even those who proclaimed him a racist. The writing of Heart of Darkness was not only to show the potential of what man could become, but what he already was. Marlow is the everyday man, longing to become something that he cannot even fathom. Kurtz was the ideal man that Marlow, or any man for that matter, longed to become. Kurtz was tormented in his last days because he saw the evil that was in European trade and imperialism. In this, he finds a reassuring simplicity in the ways of the natives. Conrad conveys this theme to those who search for a quality that resides in all men, rather than seeking the errors of one group or person, which is what Achebe accused Conrad of doing as he portrayed the natives as â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"common savages.† The evils of society set in motion for what Conrad sought to banish from human thought. All men have the capacity to be evil or good, yet the one ideal that determines th is state of being is the realization of what good and evil truly are.

Pool Boy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *::* Book Report *::*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pool Boy was a well written story about a 15 year old boy, Brett Gerson, whose life is changed dramatically. Brett is the main character in this novel. The book Pool Boy is set in a rich part of present day California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let it be known that the Gerson’s are EXTREMELY rich, not just fairly rich ,extremely rich. One day Brett’s father was taken away and thrown in jail for insider trading. The Gerson family had to sell almost everything that they own to try and pay back the money to the government that they owed. They were forced to move out of their luxurious home to their great aunt Mary’s house on the â€Å"other side of the tracks†, which was the poorer side. The house isn’t much, it is filled with dust and dirt balls and the beds aren’t comfortable, but it is somewhere they can live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle begins. Brett is forced to get a job to help pay for the debt, start saving for college and just for spending money. The first job Brett gets is at a fast food restaurant. This is the kind of place that he would have never gone and ate at let alone work. He is always yelling at the boss and then the boss yelling back. This job does not work out with Brett very well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After quitting his job flipping burgers, he takes a job with Alfie Moore, the old man that used to clean the pool at his old house. Brett never thought cleaning pools would be this tiring. Worst of all, after a hot summer day of work, Alfie and Brett can’t even take a quick swim in the pool that they just cleaned. At lunch time every day, Alfie would have a new recipe something like â€Å"tabbouleh†. He would make Brett try it whether or not he wanted to or didn’t want to. The men became close Brett could talk about his problems mostly with his dad and Alfie wouldn’t judge him, maybe a side comment here or there but not much. Often Alfie would talk about how he left his wife and child and he wishes his daughter would have given him a second chance when she was younger to make up for what he did. While cleaning pools everyday, the men became very close. One morning when Brett went over to Alfie’s house early one morning, as he did everyday, he found Alfie lying on the ground, the door was locked, Brett threw a rock threw the window to brake the glass to get in.

Cost Leadership Essay

Strategy and Structure The purpose of business-level strategies is to create differences between the firm’s position and those of its competitors. To position itself differently from competitors, a firm must decide whether it intends to â€Å"perform activities differently† or to â€Å"perform different activities†. Cost leadership strategy Tiger airways has chosen the former it exploiting a cott leadership strategy. It has an integrated set of actions taken to produce services with features that are acceptable to customer at the lowest cost relative to that of competitors. Tiger’s costs structure foolows the shirt-haul low-cost model of Ryanair. It targets a broad customer segment and concentrates on finding ways to lower its costs relative to competitors by constantly rethinking how to complete its primary (inbound and outbound logistics) and support activities to reduce costs even further. Like most other carriers, Tiger airways uses a number of method to reduce costs. Keeping labor cost low Tiger airways does not spend much on advertising or marketing. Its flight booking is all through its online portal or call center. It does not engage agency in ticket distibution in order to minimize the cost especially that of labor. Tiger airways also reduces labor costs by using a streamline fleet that reduces the training and retraining expenses. Employees are generally paid according to their performance and generally less than traditional airlines. Tiger airways also tries to keep its employee size at a minimum requirement. Retraining opportunities are limited. This leads to shortage of qualified pilots in high-demand periods. Moreover, the company does not have a â€Å"cadet pilot programme† (CCP) like many other airlines such as SIA; thus tiger airways does not have pipeline of pilots for the near future. No frills services and revenues Tiger airways has managed to price its tickets at comprtitive prices by providing no frills services. That means, tiger airways also recognizes that the willingness to spend might vary among its consumer base and actively tap onto that. In the financial year ended 31 March 2010, 26% of tiger airways group’s revenues comes from ancillary revenue, which was at $127.6 million as compared to the total revenue of $494.6 million. Tiger airways charges for many optional extras. These extra can related to alternative services like method of payment when buying ticket. It also charges for extra services like luggage fee and seat fee. Tiger airways also offers food and beverage for purchase as part of the â€Å"tiger bites† buy-on-board programme at above-market prices.

Interview tips

To help the interviewee (you) decide if this is the Job that you want and ask uestions that will help you determine if this Job will be a good fit for you. 2. To help the interviewer decide if you are the best fit for the position that is available. It really is that simple. But that does not mean that it is an easy process. From the moment that you find out you have an interview; you must step into sales person mode. â€Å"But I want to be a security guard – not a sales person,† you might be thinking. That's true. Until you have the job though, you are a sales person and what you are selling is yourself.You must be able to sell yourself as something that the company needs to fulfill a purpose. There are two rules that sales people follow, no matter what they are selling: 1. Know your product. 2. Know your audience. These two rules will take you a long way in the interview process and all of the tips that you are going to read about in this e-book will all come back to these two things. Without knowledge of your product (yourself) and your audience (the company you want to work for) you will not be successful in the interview.Before, moving on to the 10 tips that will help you in the interview process, remember that the interview process does not begin the moment you walk in the 5 Before the Interview oor of the interviewer's office. Nor does it begin when you walk in the building of the place you are being interviewed at. The interview process begins the moment you find out that you have an interview. And that is where we will begin. Before the Interview 1. Research Before you begin doing anything else, your first task should be to find out as much about the company as possible. And that goes back to that second rule of sales, â€Å"Know your audience. The more you know about the company that you are want to work for, the more information you will have available to show the interviewer that you are the best erson for the Job. It could be somethi ng as simple as knowing that the owner of the company has been nominated for an ABC award or knowing how many people the company employs each year. Every little bit of information can be helpful in some way. Here is some of the information that you should look for: 0 Who are the leaders of the organization? Have they been featured in the news or media lately? What are their personal mottos, goals, and values?Where did they go to school? Have they owned other companies? 0 What kind of online presence does the company have? Most businesses have a web site, so make sure that you read every age of that site. Do they have a Facebook account or a Twitter account? Read the latest updates and tweets. See how they interact with others and topics show up on their tweets and on the wall of their page. 0 Who is the company's competition? How does the company promote themselves to stand out amongst the competition? Does the company have a motto? Is the company growing or expanding in comparison to other companies? Before the Interview 0 Does the company participate in volunteer events or charities? Are they involved in the community? Any information that you can gather about the company can be helpful. The information that you learn can help you answer questions. It can also create questions that you can ask later in the interview. 2. Practice No matter what questions you are answer and no matter what you are talking about, it is important to sound confident. The more you practice what you are going to say, the more confident you will appear. Practice by yourself and practice with other people.Friends, colleagues, and family members make excellent practice partners and sometimes they hear things that you might not notice. You may not notice how many times you say, â€Å"Umm†¦ † but your practice partner will. You can also practice by using a recorder or a web camera. With a recorder, you can focus on your speech. Listen for things like talking to fast or too sl ow, pronouncing words wrong, overuse of the words â€Å"like†, â€Å"um†, or â€Å"uh†. Some people have a tendency to let words trail off at the end of their sentences and this can make you difficult to understand.With a web camera you can pretend that the camera is the interviewer. Observe how much you keep eye contact and how often you look at things other than the â€Å"interviewer†. When you are practicing tor the interview, one ot the most obvious things to practice s how you answer interview questions. Be familiar with the most popular interview questions and practice answering them until you are completely comfortable with your answers. You will read more about the most commonly asked interview questions in the During the Interview section.You can also find more common interview questions that you can practice by doing some research online. 7 Before the Interview The interview questions are not the only thing you should practice though. Some of th e other things you can practice are: 0 Your handshake. 0 How you introduce yourself. 0 How you end the interview. 3. While You are Waiting You will often have some time to wait in the reception area before you go into the interview. This time is important, too. Here are a few DOS and DON'TS to keep in mind: 0 DO use this time to mentally rehearse your answers. 0 DON'T talk to yourself. DO visualize yourself entering the interviewing room, shaking hands with the interviewer, and appearing calm and confident. 0 DON'T chat up the receptionist. The receptionist has their own Job to do and it is not the receptionist's Job to babysit you or entertain you. 0 DO get rid of the chewing gum before you enter the building. You do not want to have it in your mouth when ou enter the interview and it will be more difficult to dispose of once you enter the waiting room. 0 DON'T pace. Pick up a magazine or brochure before you sit down if you like but don't spend your time wandering around the recept ion area. DO use the restroom before you get settled. A full bladder will distract you and make you appear nervous. 8 During the Interview During the Interview 4. Confidence is Key The first few minutes of the interview are imperative. It is believed that people develop an impression ot you within the first 30 seconds and that impression can continue through the interview. No matter what you must appear confident. If you don't believe in yourself, if you do not have confidence in what you are selling, how can you expect anyone else to believe in you?One of the worst things you can do in the first 5 minutes of the interview is showing your nervousness. For instance, â€Å"If they are nervous and can't answer questions or give one word answers,† says Ahmed Elbarmil of North Eastern Security Force, it decreases your likelihood of getting hired. How can you demonstrate confidence in those first few minutes? One of the best ways to do this is to smile. A smile goes a long way in a ny situation but it is especially important in the interview. It tells the interviewer that you are happy to be there and that you are happy to meet them.A smile implies sincerity and approachability. A smile suggests that you are honest. You can also show that you are confident through your eye contact. Eye contact should be maintained throughout the interview, but when you first meet someone it is even more important. When you make eye contact with someone you are telling them that you have nothing to hide. You are suggesting that you are an open book. You also give them the impression that you are interested in them and that you are ready to listen. Of course, one of the things that convey confidence more than anything in an interview is your handshake.